Neuroanatomy Chapter 1

Front 1

List the three CNS organization principles

Back 1

1.) tubular CNS [BOTH spinal and brain]

2.) columnar (longitudinal) organization of spinal cord and cranial nerves [spine]

3.) C-shape of cerebral cortex and deep structures [brain]

Front 2

_______ a.k.a gray matter, is the location of the neuron cell bodies in the CNS. _____ is the location of neuron cell bodies in the periphery.

Back 2

Nuclei (CNS)
Ganglia (PNS)

Front 3

________ a.k.a. white matter, is the locations of axons in the CNS.
_________ is the locations of axons in the periphery.

Back 3

Tracts
Nerves

Front 4

The ______ is the portion of the dorsal ____derm that becomes committed to become the nervous system in development.

Back 4

Neural plate
Dorsal ectoderm

Front 5

Caudal neural tube closure defect: _________
Rostral neural tube closure defect:
_________

Back 5

Spina bifida
Anencephaly

Front 6

List the general sequence of nervous system development.

Back 6

Neural plate (on dorsal ectoderm) --> Neural groove --> Neural tube

Front 7

The Neural tube cavity becomes _____
The Neural tube wall becomes ______
The Neural _____ (cells surrounding the Neural tube) becomes ______

Back 7

ventricular system
neurons and glia of CNS
crest
PNS neurons

Front 8

List the 3 brain vesicles in development and what they become.

Back 8

Forebrain: Cerebral hemisphere/Lateral ventricle/Diencephalon

Midbrain: just the midbrain

Hindbrain: Pons/Cerebellum, Medulla

Front 9

List the 7 major brain divisions.

Back 9

Spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Cerebral hemisphere

Front 10

Spinal cord breakdown:
Dorsal horn v. Ventral horn
What is each responsible for?

Back 10

Dorsal horn: pain, touch, proprioception
Ventral horn: Skeletal and visceral motor

Front 11

One key similarity and three key differences btwn spinal cord and brain stem development.

Back 11

Similar
columnar shape of nuclei

Differences
Brain stem ...
1.) enlarged central canal
2.) neural migration (away from ventricle)
3.) more integrative functions

Front 12

As the central canal enlarges in brain stem development, the motor portions go _____ and sensory go _______

Back 12

medial
lateral

Front 13

One key similarity and three key differences btwn spinal cord/hindbrain and forebrain development.

Back 13

Similarity
Tubular (ventricular) system

Differences
forebrain ...
1.) is more complex
2.) has cortical gyri
3.) C-shaped

Front 14

At what part of the brain does the cephalic flexure happen?

Back 14

Midbrain

Front 15

"Gateway to the cortex"

Back 15

Thalamus

Front 16

Controls endocrine hormone release (pituitary gland) and bodily functions (autonomic nervous system) as well as circadian rhythms

Back 16

Hypothalamus

Front 17

Two main components of the diencephalon

Back 17

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Front 18

4 main C-shaped components of the cerebral hemispheres

Back 18

Cerebral cortex
Striatum (of basal ganglia)
Hippocampal formation and fornix
Lateral Ventricles

Front 19

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

Back 19

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

Front 20

There are ____ ventricles of the brain. The ______ connects the ____ and _____ ventricle. Every ventricle has a _________ where CSF is produced.

Back 20

4
Cerebral aquaduct
third
fourth
Choroid Plexus

Front 21

Axons conduct information encoded in the form of ______.

Back 21

action potentials

Front 22

What are the three classes of neurons? What are the distinctions based on?

Back 22

1.) unipolar 2.) bipolar 3.) mutipolar

distinction based on configuration of dentrites.

Front 23

Multipolar neurons that have long axons, with axon terminals located in distant sites, are termed __________.

Multipolar neurons with short axons that remain in the same brain region in which the cell body is located are called _________.

Back 23

Projection neurons

Interneurons

Front 24

The three elements of a synapse.

Back 24

1.) presynaptic terminal
2.) synaptic cleft
3.) receptive membrane

Front 25

There are two key postsynaptic actions, which are set off by ________ and mediated by distinct _________ populations. Describe the two principle postsynaptic actions.

Back 25

neurotransmitters
receptor

1.) Excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron by changing permeability of neuron to certain ions.

2.) Influence function of postsynaptic neuron via 2nd messanger/intracellular signaling pathways (esp. alters gene expression and ion permeability)

Front 26

List the two major classes of glia and their roles.

Back 26

Micgroglia: phagocytic/scavenger role with nervous system infection/damage

Macroglia: suport and nutritive functions

Front 27

List the four types of macroglia.

Back 27

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells

Front 28

Somatic vs. autonomic

Back 28

Somatic -- sensory neurons innervate skin, muscle and joints. (Previously known as: "voluntary.")

Autonomic -- neurons innervate glands and smooth muscle of viscera and blood vessels. (Previously known as: "involuntary.") Subdivided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

Front 29

In the PNS, cell bodies collect in peripheral ______ and axons are contained in peripheral ______. In the CNS, neuronal cell bodies and dendrites are located in _____ areas, which are flattened sheets of cells (a.k.a. _________) located primarily on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, and in ________, which are clusters of neurons located beneath the surface of CNS divisions.

Back 29

ganglia
nerves
cortical
laminae
nuclei

Front 30

The spinal cord is the only part of the CNS that has an external ________ organization, reminiscent of its embryonic and phylogenetic origins.

Back 30

segmental

Front 31

The three devisions of the brain stem are the ____, _____, and ______. The sensory and motor nerves that enter and exit the brain stem are called _______. These nerves are part of the ______ nervous system. List the 3 general functions of the brain stem.

Back 31

medulla
pons
midbrain
cranial nerves
peripheral

1.) receive sensory info (i.e. cranial nerves)
2.) conduit for info (via ascending sensory, descending motor tracts, like spinal cord)
3.) integrates info, esp. for arousal and higher brain function

Front 32

Portions of the ______ participate in blood pressure and respiratory regulatory mechanisms. Parts of the _____ and _____ control eye movement.

Back 32

medulla
pons
midbrain

Front 33

Describe the principle functions of the cerebellum.

Back 33

Regulate eye and limb movements. Maintain posture and balance. Motor decision making.

Front 34

Four major components of cerebral hemisphere.

Back 34

Cerebral cortex
Hippocampal formation
Amygdala
Basal ganglia

Front 35

Psychiatric disorders are usually associated with ______ system dysfunction.

Back 35

Limbic

Front 36

The ______ is important in learning and memory, whereas the _____ not only participates in emotions but also helps to coordinate the body's response to stressful and threatening situations. These two structures are part of the ______ system.

Back 36

hippocampal formation
amygdala
limbic

Front 37

The portion of the basal ganglia that has the most complex shape is the ______. What is the role of the basal ganglia and what disease is associated with damage to the area?

Back 37

striatum
role: control of movement
disease: Parkinson's

Front 38

Name the key brain structure involved in addiction.

Back 38

Basal ganglia

Front 39

The elevated convolutions of the cerebral cortex are called _______. They are separated by grooves called ______. Particularly deep grooves are called _______. The two hemispheres are separated from each other by the ______.

Back 39

gyri
sulci
fissures
sagittal (a.k.a. interhemispheric) fissure

Front 40

Describe the functions of the frontal lobe.

Back 40

Planning and production of body and eye movements, speech, cognition, emotions.

Front 41

The primary motor cortex is contained in the ______ of the _____ lobe. What is it responsible for?

Back 41

precentral gyrus
frontal
controlling the mechanical actions of movement (not planning)

Front 42

Motor decision making and planning occur in the ____, which are located in the _____ gyri adjacent to the _______.

Back 42

premotor areas
superior, middle, and inferior frontal
primary motor cortex

Front 43

The ______ gyrus in the _____ hemisphere contains Broca's area.

Back 43

inferior frontal
left

Front 44

What are association cortical areas involved in?

Back 44

Complex processing of sensory and other information for higher brain functions -- such as emotions, organizing behavior, thoughts and memories.

Front 45

The _______ is located in the precentral gyrus while the ________ is located in the postcentral gyrus.

Back 45

Primary motor area
Somatic sensory area

Front 46

The primary auditory cortex lies in the _________ gyrus. ________ is found in the posterior part of this gyrus.

Back 46

Superior temporal
Wernicke's area

Front 47

What is located along the banks of the Calcarine fissure?

Back 47

Primary visual cortex

Front 48

What are the cingulate gyrus and orbital gyri main functions?

Back 48

Emotional functions

Front 49

The basal forebrain is located where? It contains a special populations of neurons that use _______ to regulate cortical excitability.

Back 49

ventral surface of frontal lobe
acetylcholine

Front 50

The olfactory bulb is located on the ________ lobe but its connections are predominantly located on the _______ lobe.

Back 50

ventral surface of the frontal
temporal

Front 51

The central sulcus separates which two lobes? Which perceptions does it mediate?

Back 51

Frontal and parietal
touch, pain, proprioception

Front 52

The superior and inferior parietal lobules are separated by the ________.

Back 52

intraparietal sulcus

Front 53

Describe the function of the superior parietal lobule and what a lesion to this portion would result in.

Back 53

Higher-order somatic sensory processing. Essential for self-image of body, mediates behavioral interactions with the world and spatial awareness. A lesion could result in neglecting a certain area of the body (ex: not dressing one side of body or combing one side of hair)

Front 54

What part of the brain was enlarged in Albert Einstein and what is that part responsible for?

Back 54

inferior parietal lobe

sensory integration of language, mathematical thought, visuospatial cognition

Front 55

What separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

Back 55

parietooccipital sulcus

Front 56

What is the sole purpose of the occipital lobe?

Back 56

visual perception

Front 57

The primary visual cortex is located in the walls and depths of the ________ on the ________ brain surface.

Back 57

Calcarine fissure
medial

Front 58

An example of higher-order visual areas surrounding the primary visual cortex: the _______ gyrus in the occipital lobe (a.k.a. _______ gyrus) is the area on the _____ brain surface important for recognizing faces. People with a lesion in this area could confuse faces with inanimate objects.

Back 58

occipitotemporal
fusiform
ventral

Front 59

The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the ______ (a.k.a. _______).

Back 59

Lateral sulcus
Sylvian fissure

Front 60

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________ gyrus. It is the location of ______ area.

Back 60

superior temporal
Wernicke's

Front 61

What does the inferior temporal gyrus mediate?

Back 61

perception of visual form and color

Front 62

The temporal pole is adjacent to what three areas, all of which are important for what?

Back 62

medial temporal lobe
inferior frontal lobe
medial frontal lobe

emotions

Front 63

What is the insular cortex, where is it located, and what is it important for?

Back 63

Portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes located deep within the lateral sulcus. Important for taste, internal body senses, certain aspects of pain.

Front 64

Tracts of axons that interconnect the two sides of the brain are called ______. The largest one of these in the brain is the _____. What are its four principal parts? Info from the occipital lobes travels through the _______, whereas info from the other lobes travels through the other three.

Back 64

commissures
corpus callosum

1.) rostrum
2.) genu
3.) body
4.) splenium -- info from occipital lobe only

Front 65

Describe the morphology and function of the unipolar neuron.

Back 65

**no dendrites
**single axon from cell body gives rise to multiple process at the terminal
**controls exocrine gland excretion and smooth muscle contractility.

Front 66

Describe the morphology and function of the bipolar neuron.

Back 66

**cell body has two processes that arise from opposite poles
**process acts like dendrite, conveys info through cell body, which acts like axon
**transmit sensory info, esp. odor and touch

Front 67

Describe the morphology and function of the multipolar neuron.

Back 67

**complex array of dendrites with single axon
** most brain and spinal cord neurons are multipolar

Front 68

Describe the function of Oligodendrocytes.

Back 68

**form myelin sheath
**guide developing axons to targets

Front 69

Describe the function of Schwann cells.

Back 69

**form myelin sheath
**organizes connective tissue around PNS during development
**axon regeneration following damage in maturity

Front 70

Describe the function of Astrocytes.

Back 70

**acts as scaffold for growing axons during development
**metabolic functions -- ex: modulates change neuronal activity when change in Ca++ level; produces trophic substances as triggered by neural activity

Front 71

Describe the function of Ependymal cells.

Back 71

**line fluid-filled cavities in CNS, regulate flow

Front 72

The lateral ventricles are subdivided into a body and three ______. What is the atrium?

Back 72

horns (anterior, posterior, inferior)

atrium = confluence of three horns

Front 73

The third ventricle is located between the two halves of the _______.

Back 73

Diencephalon

Front 74

The fourth ventricle is located between the brain stem and the ________. The ____ and ______ form the floor of the ventricle and the _____ forms the roof.

Back 74

cerebellum
medulla
pons
cerebellum

Front 75

What connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle?

Back 75

The interventricular foramina (of Monro)

Front 76

The third and fourth ventricles are connected via the _______ in the _______.

Back 76

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
midbrain

Front 77

The ventricular system extends into the spinal cord as the ________.

Back 77

Central canal

Front 78

List the meninges.

Back 78

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Front 79

"Hard mother"

Back 79

dura mater

Front 80

What are the two layers of the dura mater that overlie the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem?

Back 80

periosteal layer
meningeal layer

Front 81

Name the two partitions that arise from the meningeal layer and what they separate.

Back 81

1.) falx cerebri -- separates the two cerebral hemispheres

2.) tentorium cerebelli -- separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

Front 82

The dura mater that covers the spinal cord is continuous with the _____ of the cranial dura and the _____ of peripheral nerves.

Back 82

meningeal layer
epineurium

Front 83

The subdural space is a potential space between which two layers?

Back 83

arachnoid mater and dura mater

Front 84

"Tender mother"

Back 84

pia mater

Front 85

What is the innermost meningeal layer?

Back 85

pia mater

Front 86

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the _________.

Back 86

Subarachnoid space

Front 87

The veins and arteries that overlie the surface of the CNS are located in the _______. What else circulates here?

Back 87

subarachnoid space
cerebral spinal fluid

Front 88

What are dural sinuses?

Back 88

Large, low-pressure blood vessels located in the dura mater that are part of the return path for cerebral venous blood.