Neuroanatomy: Block Ii Lundy (Exam Iv)

Front 1

Medial cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord innervate ____ muscles.

Back 1

Axial

Front 2

Lateral cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord innervate _____ _______.

Back 2

Distal limbs

Front 3

These somatomotor pathways are responsible for initiating voluntary movements and are important for fine controlled movement of the limbs:

Back 3

The lateral pathways (rubrospinal and lateral corticospinal)

Front 4

This tract originates in the red nucleus, crosses immediately, desends laterally in the cord and influences motor neurons that control distal limb movements:

Back 4

Rubrospinal Tract

Front 5

The _______ ________ tract consists of 90-95% of the fibers of this tract, decussates in the pyramids, and terminates laterally in the ventral horn.

Back 5

Lateral Corticospinal Tract (pyramidal tract)

Front 6

These pathways are most involved in trunk and proximal limb movements:

Back 6

The medial pathways (vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal)

Front 7

What are the three medial pathways in the somatomotor system?

Back 7

1. Vestibulospinal
2. Tectospinal
3. Reticulospinal

Front 8

These pathways are important for maintaining balance and position especially during limb movements or changes in load. Mostly accomlished with little conscious awareness:

Back 8

Medial pathways

Front 9

This tract originates in the superior colliculus and is reponsible for turning gaze to an area of interest:

Back 9

Tectospinal Tract

Front 10

This somatomotor tract involves only muscles that are innervated by the upper cord and thus terminates only in the cervical region:

Back 10

Tectospinal Tract

Front 11

This tract has an important influence on muscle tone, has a medial tract that originates in the pons and a lateral tract that originates in the medulla:

Back 11

The reticulospinal tract

Front 12

This pathway is part of the medial somatomotor tract except that its cortical origin is associated with direct voluntary motor control

Back 12

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

Front 13

Damage to _________ ________ generally causes changes in muscle tone, and may include deficits in maintaining balance and difficulty walking or standing:

Back 13

Medial pathways

Front 14

The three largest motor cortical areas;

Back 14

1. Primary Motor Cortex
2. Lateral Premotor Cortex
3. Supplementary Motor Cortex

Front 15

This area of the brain is essential for voluntary movement, provides for fine control of individual muscles, especially for movement of a single digit or part of a digit:

Back 15

Primary Motor Cortex

Front 16

This part of the brain is particularly important for sensorimotor integration, receives input from the frontal eye fields, and is important for visually guided movements:

Back 16

Lateral premotor cortex

Front 17

Is important in intitiating and coordinating internally generated movements

Back 17

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Front 18

This tract has the same areas of origin as the corticospinals but axons leave the tract in the brainstem and terminate on the crainal nerve nuclei:

Back 18

Corticobulbar Tract

Front 19

Lesions in this tract can cause problems with movements of the jaw, tongue, facial muscles, eyes, and throat:

Back 19

Corticobulbar

Front 20

In general the _______ are bilateral and deficits due to damage on one side are minimized by the intact opposite side:

Back 20

Corticobulbar Tract

Front 21

_________ lesions paralyze the lower face on the opposite side:

Back 21

Corticobulbar

Front 22

Facial Nerve/Nucleus lesions paralyze:

Back 22

The whole face on the ipsilateral side

Front 23

Damage to ______ produces paralysis, spasticity (hypertonia/hyperreflexia), and possibly clonus, babinski reflex, and decreased superficial reflexes.

Back 23

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN Syndrome)

Front 24

Damage to the right cortex would cause spasticity in the ______ limbs.

Back 24

Left

Front 25

_______ rigidity results from damage above the midbrain level, the legs are extended and the legs are flexed.

Back 25

Decorticate

Front 26

________ rigidity results from damage that includes the midbrain. In this case legs and arms are both extended.

Back 26

Decerebrate

Front 27

A positive Babinski sign indicates ________ damage.

Back 27

Corticospinal

Front 28

The presence of clonus indicates ________ damage.

Back 28

UMN

Front 29

Term that refers to a dis-coordination of movement, usually seen as an inability to perform a complex series of movements (tying shoelaces)

Back 29

Apraxia

Front 30

A period of flaccid paralysis with lack of reflexes:

Back 30

Spinal Shock

Front 31

Lack of movement due to difficulty initiating movements:

Back 31

Akinesia

Front 32

Movements are slower and smaller than normal:

Back 32

Bradykinesia

Front 33

Involuntary movements:

Back 33

Dyskinesia

Front 34

large-amplitude, violent movement of the entire limb

Back 34

Ballism

Front 35

Persistently distorted body or limb posture:

Back 35

Dystonia

Front 36

Excessive muscle tone different from spasticity because it does not include hyperreflexia:

Back 36

Rigidity

Front 37

Jerky, random movements:

Back 37

Chorea

Front 38

Slow, writhing, worm-like movements

Back 38

Athetosis

Front 39

A tremor that disappears during intentional movement (common in parkinson's disease)

Back 39

Tremor at rest

Front 40

Exerts its effects on motor behavior by affecting UMNs

Back 40

Cerebellum

Front 41

______ is considered a site of motor learning because its important in learning new motor skills and for adjusting movements to changing sensory inputs.

Back 41

Cerebellum

Front 42

The ____ _____ are the major source of output from the cerebellum.

Back 42

Deep Nuclei

Front 43

What are the four deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

Back 43

1. Fastigial
2. Globose
3. Emboliform
4. Dentate

Front 44

Name the four inhibitory cells of the cerebellar cortex:

Back 44

Purkinje, Basket, Golgi, and Stellate

Front 45

Name the excitatory cells of the cerebellar cortex

Back 45

Granule Cells

Front 46

What are the three cell layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 46

1. Molecular
2. Purkinkje
3. Granule

Front 47

Which functional subdivision of the cerebellum is responsible for balance and eye movement? Where is it located?

Back 47

Vestibulocerebellum - the flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus

Front 48

Which functional subdivision of the cerebellum is responsible for motor execution? Where is it located?

Back 48

Spinocerebellum- Vermis-paravermal parts and interposed nuclei

Front 49

Which functional subdivision of the cerebellum is responsible for motor planning?

Back 49

Cerebrocerebellum

Front 50

What are the two types of inputs to the cerebellum?

Back 50

Mossy Fibers and Climbing Fibers

Front 51

These inputs to the cerebellum originate in the inferior olivary complex in the medulla and decussate before entering the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle:

Back 51

Climbing fibers

Front 52

These inputs to the cerebellum include those from the spinal cord, vestibular nerve/nuclei, and pontine nuclei:

Back 52

Mossy Fibers

Front 53

Both the inputs and the cells of the deep nuclei in the cerebellum are ______ and participate in the _______circuit.

Back 53

Excitatory.

Front 54

The _______ _______ side loop serves to modulate the activity in the deep cerebellar nuclei.

Back 54

Inhibitory Cortical

Front 55

The output of the cerebellar cortex arises from ______ cells.

Back 55

Purkinje

Front 56

These three cell types are inhibitory interneurons that alter granule cell or purkinje cell activity:

Back 56

Golgi, Basket, and Stellate

Front 57

These cells form the output of the cerebellar cortex, are inhibitory, and their primary targets are the deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei

Back 57

Pukinje Cells

Front 58

What are the three outputs of the vestibulocerebellum (balance and eye movements)?

Back 58

1. Vestibular Nuclei
2. Reticular Formation
3. VL Thalamus

Front 59

This division of the cerebellum compensates for changes in load, regulates muscle tone, guides limb movement, and helps maintain posture:

Back 59

Spinocerebellum

Front 60

What are the two deep cerebellar nuclei in the spinocerebellum?

Back 60

Fastigial and Interposed (Embolliform & Globose) Nuclei

Front 61

This division of the cerebellum functions in coordination and planning of voluntary movements

Back 61

Cerebrocerebellum

Front 62

Damage to the cerebellum causes _______deficits.

Back 62

Ipsilateral

Front 63

Lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei are _____ severe than lesions in the cortex.

Back 63

More

Front 64

Reduced _____ ______ is a common consequence of cerebellar damage and is believed to be responsible for pendular reflexes.

Back 64

Reduced Muscle Tone (Hypotonia)

Front 65

Tremor that occurs during movement and is most severe at the end of movement. Is not present at rest.

Back 65

Intention Tremor

Front 66

Ataxia in the form of a drunken sailor gait and wide stance is a sign of what?

Back 66

Cerebellar damage

Front 67

When speech is slower and presented one word at a time this is a sign of what?

Back 67

Midline cerebellar lesions

Front 68

Inability to sustain rhythmical, alternating movements which is a distinctive sign of cerebellar damage:

Back 68

Dysdiadochokinesia

Front 69

This term refers to disjointed complex movements, often the patient will move one joint at a time. What area is typically damaged?

Back 69

Decomposition of movement, common with lateral hemisphere lesions.

Front 70

Chronic alcoholism can lead to degeneration of which two regions of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. What is the result of this damage?

Back 70

Vermis and Paravermal regions are damaged- leads to tremor and ataxia of the trunk and legs. The head and arms are spared

Front 71

What area of the cerebellum is damaged if the patient has problems with balance and/or eye movements (possibly with nystagmus)?

Back 71

Flocculonodular Lobe

Front 72

What area of the cerebellum is damaged if the patient has problems with trunk, whole body may sway, dysarthria?

Back 72

Vermis or Fastigial Nucleus

Front 73

What area of the cerebellum is damaged if the patient has ataxia of limbs, intention tremor esp. in arm and hand movements?

Back 73

Paravermal hemisphere or interposed nuclei

Front 74

What area of the cerebellum is damaged if the patient has delayed initiation of movements, disruption of motor planning, decomposition of movements

Back 74

Lateral hemisphere or dentate nucleus

Front 75

_______ _______ influence motor systems primarily through projections to Upper Motor Neurons.

Back 75

Basal Ganglia

Front 76

What are the two main functions of the basal ganglia?

Back 76

1. A brake against involuntary movment
2. A switch to turn on a fixed action pattern

Front 77

What is the major output of the basal ganglia?

Back 77

The VA of the thalamus, which projects primarily to area 6

Front 78

The major inputs to the basal ganglia come from and are what type (excitatory/inhibitory)

Back 78

The cerebral cortex, excitatory

Front 79

What type of output comes from the basal ganglia? What is its effect?

Back 79

Its GABAergic and inhibitory, it inhibits the VA (which is excitatory on the Cortex)

Front 80

Anything that increases basal ganglia output will ______ the VA and ______ overall movement.

Back 80

Inhibit, reduce.

Front 81

Activity in the Direct Pathway leads to _______ motor cortex activity and _______ movement.

Back 81

Increased

Front 82

Activity in the Indirect Pathway leads to _______ motor cortex activity and ______ movement.

Back 82

Decreased

Front 83

_______ ______ disorders do not cause paralysis or paresis but are characterized by lack of movements or involuntary movements. Muscular rigidity without increased deep tendon reflexes is common.

Back 83

Basal Ganglia Disorders

Front 84

Condition characterized by large involuntary movements of one side of the body caused by lesion of the subthalamic nucleus.

Back 84

Hemiballismus

Front 85

Hemiballismus may result from stoke knocking out function of the _____ _____. Which side of the body shows unintentional movement?

Back 85

Subthalamic Nucleus, contralateral side of the body.

Front 86

This disease is characterized by a loss of striatal neurons. The major symptom is chorea.

Back 86

Huntington's Disease

Front 87

Unintentional, dance-like movements:

Back 87

Chorea

Front 88

This disease results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta that project to the striatum. It is characterized by akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor.

Back 88

Parkinson's Disease