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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What pathway is shown?
Name part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and *. What is the pathway important for? |
Papez Circuit:
1: Fornix --> Mamillary bodies 2: Mamillary bodies --> Anterior Thalamic nucleus * Mammillothalamic tract 3: Anterior Thalmic nucleus --> Cingulate gyrus 4: Cingulate gyrus [via anterior limb of the internal capsule] --> Hippocampus 5. Hippocampus --> Anterior thalamic nucleus • Important for learning, memory, & emotion |
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What seizure pattern is pictured?
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Grand Mal seizure
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What seizure pattern is pictured?
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Petit Mal (Absence), characteristic 2-3 Hz spike
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What anti-seizure drugs use the mechanism pictured?
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• Carbamazepine
• Phenytoin • Lamotrigine • Valproate • Zonisamide |
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What anti-seizure drugs use the mechanism pictured? What channels are targeted? What types of seizures are these drugs used for?
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• Valproate & Ethosuximide
• Reduction of T-type Ca++ current • Reduces oscillations in thalamic neurons (absence seizures) |
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• Part of the limbic system
• Located between the head of the caudate & the putamen • Pleasure center • Older more basic structure |
Nucleus Accumbens
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• Located inferior to the anterior commisure
• Part of the limbi system that has significant neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's pts |
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)
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• What disease is associated w/ the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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• Composed of three subpparts Mbr>• Is the part of the limbi system assocated with learning and memory
• Name the part, the gyrus it is located in, & the region it projects efferents to |
• Hippocampal formation
• Parahippocampal gyrus • Projects to the Fornix |
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What part of the limbic system has major efferents to the fornix?
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• Hippocampal formation
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What are the three parts of the nucleus that is responsible for learning & memory?
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• Subliculum
• Hippocampus • Dentate gyrus |
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• Located in the temporal lobe, deep in the uncus
• Part of the limbic system • Major efferents are the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway • Involved in behavior • Lesion here = Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
• Amygdala
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A lesion in the amygdala causes?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Where do the major efferents from the amydala project to?
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• Stria terminalis & the ventral amygdalofugal pathway
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What is the fxn of the hippocampal formation?
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• To consolidate long term memoires from immediate & short-term memories
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Describe the fornix. Shape? Where do fibers in the fornix synapse?
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• Makes a backwards C-shaped path from inferiolateral to anteromedial.
• When superior to the anterior commissure, it splits • Some fornix fibers will synapse on: ---the mamillary bodies ---the nucleus accumbens ---septal nuclei |
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Where do the axons from cells in the mamillary bodies synapse? What is this pathway called?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
• Called the mammillothalamic tract |
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Where do the axons from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus send their axons? Via what structure? What is this part of?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus fibers --> cingulate gyrus
(via the anterior limb of the intenal capsule). • Part of the Papez circuit. |
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Where do the axons from the cingulate gyrus project their axons? Where from there? What is this part of?
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• Cingulate gyrus --> entorhinal cortex ---> hippocampal formation
• Part of the Papez circuit |
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Fornix fibers --> Mammillary bodies --> Anterior nucleus of the thalamus --[anterior limb of the internal capsule]--> Cinculate gyrus --> Entorhinal cortex --> Hippocampus
The above pathway is called? It is imporatant for what fxn> |
• Papez circuit
• Important for learning, memory, and expression of emotion |
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What happens if there is a lesion to the hippocampus?
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• Inability to form long term memories (think patient HM)
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What type of memory involves the conscious recollecton of facts/experiences? Where does it occur?
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• Declarative/Explicit memory
• Occurs in the temporal lobe/hippocampus |
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What type of memory involves nonconcsious learning of skills, habits, acquired behaviors? Where does it occur?
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• Non-declarative/Implicit memory
• Occurs in the basal nuclei, cerebellum, amygdala, brainstem, & spinal cord |
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What disorder can be caused by a thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alchoholics due to *degenerataion in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus & dorsomedial thalamic nucleus*
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What is Korsakoff syndrome? What are the signs and symptoms? What can it be caused by?
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• Degeneration in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
Signs & symptoms: • Dementia • Confabulation • Memory loss • Confusion • Cerebellar damage Can be caused by thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics |
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia?
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia AND also learning difficulties?
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• Korsakoff-Wernicke syndrome
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Bilateral lesions to the anterior part of the ciguate grus can cause?
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The patient may be alert, but have no idea who they are, or they are unable to recall the order of past events
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What structure of the limbic system is almond shaped and located deep in the uncus of the temporal lobe? What are the 2 major nuclei located in this region?
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• Amygdala (also somewhat snot-shaped)
• Two major nuclei: Basolateral group & corticomedial group |
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What are the afferent to the basolateral amygdala? What types of information is sent?
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• Thalamus
• Prefrontal areas • Cingualte gyrus • Parahippocampal gyrus • Temporal lobe • Insular cortex • Somatorsensory, Visual & Visceral information is sent |
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What are the afferents to the corticomedial amygdala?
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• Olfactory, ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus & brainstem (periaquaductal gray & solitary nucleus)
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• Part of the limbic system
• Located between the head of the caudate & the putamen • Pleasure center • Older more basic structure |
Nucleus Accumbens
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These efferents: Nucleus basalis of Meynert, Hypothalamus, septal nuclei, Frontal, prefrontal, cinugulate, insular, and inferior temporal cortices, brainstem (Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus), locus ceruleus, & Periaquaductal gray come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Amydalofugal pathway
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These efferents: hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, caudate, & putamen, come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Stria terminalis
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• Located inferior to the anterior commisure
• Part of the limbi system that has significant neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's pts |
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)
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What are the symptoms of Kulver-Bucy syndrome?
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• Visual agnosia, Hyperorality, Hypermetamorphisis, Hyperphagia, Placidity, & Hypersexuality
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• What disease is associated w/ the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What disease has neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the nucleus basalis of Meynert?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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• Part of the limbic system
• Located between the head of the caudate & the putamen • Pleasure center • Older more basic structure |
Nucleus Accumbens
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• Composed of three subpparts Mbr>• Is the part of the limbi system assocated with learning and memory
• Name the part, the gyrus it is located in, & the region it projects efferents to |
• Hippocampal formation
• Parahippocampal gyrus • Projects to the Fornix |
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Where are the septal nuclei located? What are the major afferents? What are the major efferents?
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• Located inferior and anterior to the septum pellucidum
• Afferents: Fornix, amydala, hypothalamus, & midbrain • Efferents: Stria medullaris thalami to habenular nuclei & thalamus, fornix, median forebrain bundle to hypothalamus |
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• Located inferior to the anterior commisure
• Part of the limbi system that has significant neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's pts |
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)
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What is the median forebrain bundle? What does it do?
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• It is a diffuse group of fibers that connect to the hypothalamus, septal areas & brainstem
• Dopamine released from the fibers is said to be related to perceptions of pleasure or drive reduction. |
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Rage behavior can be caused by lesions to what nuclei?
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Septal nuclei
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• What disease is associated w/ the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Substantia Innominata)?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What part of the limbic system has major efferents to the fornix?
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• Hippocampal formation
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What area of the brain is most likely associated w/ addictive behaviors? Why?
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• Nucleus accumbens
•It is the "pleasure center" of the brain |
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• Composed of three subpparts Mbr>• Is the part of the limbi system assocated with learning and memory
• Name the part, the gyrus it is located in, & the region it projects efferents to |
• Hippocampal formation
• Parahippocampal gyrus • Projects to the Fornix |
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What are the three parts of the nucleus that is responsible for learning & memory?
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• Subliculum
• Hippocampus • Dentate gyrus |
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What part of the limbic system has major efferents to the fornix?
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• Hippocampal formation
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What are the major afferents of the Nucleus Accumbens? What are the major efferents?
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Afferents: Fornix, Ventral amygdalofugal pathway, Stria terminialis, Median forebrain bundle
Efferents: Hypothalamus, brainstem, Globus pallidus |
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Label:
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, & 20 |
1: Genu of the corpus collosum
2: Head of the caudate nucleus 3: Putamen 5: Globus Pallidus 6: 3rd ventricle 7: Thalamus 8: Pineal body 9: Splenium of the corpus callosum 10: Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle 11: Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle 13: Septum pellucidum 14: Anterior limb of the internal capsule 16: External capsule 18: Genu of the internal capsule 20: Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle |
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What are the three parts of the nucleus that is responsible for learning & memory?
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• Subliculum
• Hippocampus • Dentate gyrus |
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What area in the limbic system has a lot of aversion centers? What area has a lot of gratification areas?
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Aversion areas: hippocampus & amygdala
Gratification: Nucleus accumbens |
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What three bodies make up the corpus striatum? The striatum? The lentiform nuclues? Grossly, these structures appear like ___ in a coronal section?
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Corpus striatum: Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus
Striatum: Caudate & Putamen Lentiform nucleus: Putamen & Globus pallidus Appear like a piece of candy corn in a coronal section |
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• Located in the temporal lobe, deep in the uncus
• Part of the limbic system • Major efferents are the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway • Involved in behavior • Lesion here = Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
• Amygdala
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A lesion in the amygdala causes?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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• Located in the temporal lobe, deep in the uncus
• Part of the limbic system • Major efferents are the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway • Involved in behavior • Lesion here = Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
• Amygdala
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Where do the major efferents from the amydala project to?
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• Stria terminalis & the ventral amygdalofugal pathway
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What structure makes up the lateral wall of most of the lateral ventricles and thus is "C" shaped? What three parts does it have?
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• Caudate
• Has a head, body, and tail |
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A lesion in the amygdala causes?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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What is the fxn of the hippocampal formation?
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• To consolidate long term memoires from immediate & short-term memories
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Where does the lentiform nucleus sit in relations hip to the midline thalamus? What to nuclei make up the lentiform nucleus?
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• Sits lateral and slightly anterior to the midline thalamus
• Lentofrom nucleus = putamen & globus pallidus |
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Where do the major efferents from the amydala project to?
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• Stria terminalis & the ventral amygdalofugal pathway
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Describe the fornix. Shape? Where do fibers in the fornix synapse?
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• Makes a backwards C-shaped path from inferiolateral to anteromedial.
• When superior to the anterior commissure, it splits • Some fornix fibers will synapse on: ---the mamillary bodies ---the nucleus accumbens ---septal nuclei |
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Where do the axons from cells in the mamillary bodies synapse? What is this pathway called?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
• Called the mammillothalamic tract |
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The INdirect pathway of the basal nuclei (when no movement is happening) is summarized by?
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The Globus pallidus has the ability to tonically fire and AP, thus INHIBITING the VA/VL of the thalamus. This occurs when there is no excitatory input from the cerebral cortex to the striatum
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The DIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus • GABA inhibits the GP, which inhibits it from inhibiting the thalamus (disinhibition) • Disinhibition allows the neurons of the VA & VL of the thalamus to fire and release glutamate onto the cerebral cortex |
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Where do the axons from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus send their axons? Via what structure? What is this part of?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus fibers --> cingulate gyrus
(via the anterior limb of the intenal capsule). • Part of the Papez circuit. |
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What is the fxn of the hippocampal formation?
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• To consolidate long term memoires from immediate & short-term memories
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Activation of the direct pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↑ motor cortex activity and ↑ movement
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Where do the axons from the cingulate gyrus project their axons? Where from there? What is this part of?
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• Cingulate gyrus --> entorhinal cortex ---> hippocampal formation
• Part of the Papez circuit |
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The INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when NO movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus ***• GP releases GABA onto the subthalamic nucleus • SN release glutamate back onto the BP • GB releases GABA onto the VA & VL to inhibit the thalamus <br Result is a ↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement |
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Describe the fornix. Shape? Where do fibers in the fornix synapse?
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• Makes a backwards C-shaped path from inferiolateral to anteromedial.
• When superior to the anterior commissure, it splits • Some fornix fibers will synapse on: ---the mamillary bodies ---the nucleus accumbens ---septal nuclei |
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Where do the axons from cells in the mamillary bodies synapse? What is this pathway called?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
• Called the mammillothalamic tract |
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Activation of the INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement
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Fornix fibers --> Mammillary bodies --> Anterior nucleus of the thalamus --[anterior limb of the internal capsule]--> Cinculate gyrus --> Entorhinal cortex --> Hippocampus
The above pathway is called? It is imporatant for what fxn> |
• Papez circuit
• Important for learning, memory, and expression of emotion |
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What happens if there is a lesion to the hippocampus?
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• Inability to form long term memories (think patient HM)
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Lesions of the striatum (lose connections between the striatum & globus pallidus) results in?
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• Allows the globus pallidus to inhibit the VL of the thalamus
• Results ↓ in motor activity or Hypokinesia |
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Where do the axons from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus send their axons? Via what structure? What is this part of?
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• Anterior nucleus of the thalamus fibers --> cingulate gyrus
(via the anterior limb of the intenal capsule). • Part of the Papez circuit. |
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What type of memory involves the conscious recollecton of facts/experiences? Where does it occur?
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• Declarative/Explicit memory
• Occurs in the temporal lobe/hippocampus |
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What is akinesia?
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Impariment in the initiation of movement
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Where do the axons from the cingulate gyrus project their axons? Where from there? What is this part of?
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• Cingulate gyrus --> entorhinal cortex ---> hippocampal formation
• Part of the Papez circuit |
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What type of memory involves nonconcsious learning of skills, habits, acquired behaviors? Where does it occur?
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• Non-declarative/Implicit memory
• Occurs in the basal nuclei, cerebellum, amygdala, brainstem, & spinal cord |
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What is bradykinesia?
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Reducation in the velocity & amplitude of movement (really it is an actiation of the antagonistic muscles and not really a ↓ in muscle activity)
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Fornix fibers --> Mammillary bodies --> Anterior nucleus of the thalamus --[anterior limb of the internal capsule]--> Cinculate gyrus --> Entorhinal cortex --> Hippocampus
The above pathway is called? It is imporatant for what fxn> |
• Papez circuit
• Important for learning, memory, and expression of emotion |
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What hypoinetic disorder is caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
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What disorder can be caused by a thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alchoholics due to *degenerataion in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus & dorsomedial thalamic nucleus*
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What happens if there is a lesion to the hippocampus?
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• Inability to form long term memories (think patient HM)
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What disease is characteriszed by both akinesic and bradykinesic disturbances?
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Parkinson's disease
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What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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• Slight asymmetrical gait
• Vague clumsiness of the hands • ↓ blinking, blank stare •↓ arm swing • tremor at rest, pill rolling movement w/ fingers • ↓ Cogwheel rigidity (↑ muscle tone) • Flexed posture • Paucty of movement • Shuffling of feet |
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What type of memory involves the conscious recollecton of facts/experiences? Where does it occur?
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• Declarative/Explicit memory
• Occurs in the temporal lobe/hippocampus |
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What is Korsakoff syndrome? What are the signs and symptoms? What can it be caused by?
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• Degeneration in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
Signs & symptoms: • Dementia • Confabulation • Memory loss • Confusion • Cerebellar damage Can be caused by thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics |
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia?
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What are the treatments for Parkinson's?
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• Give L-Dopa w/ carbidopa
• Abaltive surgery of globus pallidus or vental thalamus • Implantation of electrodes in thalamus, globus pallidus, subthalamus |
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What type of memory involves nonconcsious learning of skills, habits, acquired behaviors? Where does it occur?
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• Non-declarative/Implicit memory
• Occurs in the basal nuclei, cerebellum, amygdala, brainstem, & spinal cord |
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What disorder can be caused by a thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alchoholics due to *degenerataion in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus & dorsomedial thalamic nucleus*
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What pathways are disrupted in Parkinson's? What types of movement disorders are seen in Parkinson's?
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• Both the DIRECT and INDIRECT pathways are disrupted (dopamine is released from the substantia nigra to the striatum which regulates both pathways)
• Hypokinetic & hyperkinetic movement disorders are seen |
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia AND also learning difficulties?
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• Korsakoff-Wernicke syndrome
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What is Korsakoff syndrome? What are the signs and symptoms? What can it be caused by?
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• Degeneration in the mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
Signs & symptoms: • Dementia • Confabulation • Memory loss • Confusion • Cerebellar damage Can be caused by thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics |
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What are the three types of hyperkinetic distrubances?
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• Ballismus
• Choreiform movements • Athetoid movements |
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia?
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• Korsakoff syndrome
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What is the term for hemibalism*, uncontrolled flinging of the UE or LE? What lesion can cause this? (*what does that mean?)
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• Ballismus
• Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on the CONTRALATERAL side • Hemibalism = occurs on one side of the body |
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Bilateral lesions to the anterior part of the ciguate grus can cause?
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The patient may be alert, but have no idea who they are, or they are unable to recall the order of past events
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What is the term of irregular, brisk, dance-like movements of the limbs which may also have a decrease in muscle tone? What lesions causes this? What diseases is it present in?
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• Choreiform movements
• An INDIRECT basal nuclei pathway lesion • Can be seen in Huntngton's disease or overTx Parkinson's disease |
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What structure of the limbic system is almond shaped and located deep in the uncus of the temporal lobe? What are the 2 major nuclei located in this region?
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• Amygdala (also somewhat snot-shaped)
• Two major nuclei: Basolateral group & corticomedial group |
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What disease can present w/ dementia, confabulation, memory loss, confusion & ataxia AND also learning difficulties?
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• Korsakoff-Wernicke syndrome
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What is the term for slow writhing movements, most often in the UE, hands and face? What lesion causes this?
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• Athetoid movements
• A direct basal nuclei pathway |
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What are the afferent to the basolateral amygdala? What types of information is sent?
|
• Thalamus
• Prefrontal areas • Cingualte gyrus • Parahippocampal gyrus • Temporal lobe • Insular cortex • Somatorsensory, Visual & Visceral information is sent |
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Bilateral lesions to the anterior part of the ciguate grus can cause?
|
The patient may be alert, but have no idea who they are, or they are unable to recall the order of past events
|
|
|
What are the afferents to the corticomedial amygdala?
|
• Olfactory, ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus & brainstem (periaquaductal gray & solitary nucleus)
|
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These efferents: Nucleus basalis of Meynert, Hypothalamus, septal nuclei, Frontal, prefrontal, cinugulate, insular, and inferior temporal cortices, brainstem (Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus), locus ceruleus, & Periaquaductal gray come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Amydalofugal pathway
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What disease is characterized by hyperkinetic distrubances, 90% loss of striatal neurons and loss of Ach, with a flattened & small head of the caudate?
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• Huntington's disease
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These efferents: hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, caudate, & putamen, come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Stria terminalis
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What disease is characterized by the following symptoms? Absentmindedness, irritability, depression, clumsiness (falls) and later choreiform movements, cognition & speech decline, dementia & psych disorders?
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• Huntington's disease
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What structure of the limbic system is almond shaped and located deep in the uncus of the temporal lobe? What are the 2 major nuclei located in this region?
|
• Amygdala (also somewhat snot-shaped)
• Two major nuclei: Basolateral group & corticomedial group |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Kulver-Bucy syndrome?
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• Visual agnosia, Hyperorality, Hypermetamorphisis, Hyperphagia, Placidity, & Hypersexuality
|
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What are the afferent to the basolateral amygdala? What types of information is sent?
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• Thalamus
• Prefrontal areas • Cingualte gyrus • Parahippocampal gyrus • Temporal lobe • Insular cortex • Somatorsensory, Visual & Visceral information is sent |
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Huntington's disease is characterized by a loss of neurosn in what area and a flattened & small ____?
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• 90% loss of striatal neurons
• A small & flattened head of the caudate |
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What disease has neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the nucleus basalis of Meynert?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What is the name for the autoimmune disease that affects children after a streptococcal infxn? What are the symptoms?
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• Sydenham's chorea
• Symptoms: Chorea that is flowing and restless, muscular weakness, hypotonia, behavioral problems (obsessive/compulsive, attention deficit, irritability) |
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What are the afferents to the corticomedial amygdala?
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• Olfactory, ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus & brainstem (periaquaductal gray & solitary nucleus)
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Where are the septal nuclei located? What are the major afferents? What are the major efferents?
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• Located inferior and anterior to the septum pellucidum
• Afferents: Fornix, amydala, hypothalamus, & midbrain • Efferents: Stria medullaris thalami to habenular nuclei & thalamus, fornix, median forebrain bundle to hypothalamus |
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These efferents: Nucleus basalis of Meynert, Hypothalamus, septal nuclei, Frontal, prefrontal, cinugulate, insular, and inferior temporal cortices, brainstem (Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus), locus ceruleus, & Periaquaductal gray come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Amydalofugal pathway
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These efferents: hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, caudate, & putamen, come into the amygdala via what pathway?
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• Stria terminalis
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What is the median forebrain bundle? What does it do?
|
• It is a diffuse group of fibers that connect to the hypothalamus, septal areas & brainstem
• Dopamine released from the fibers is said to be related to perceptions of pleasure or drive reduction. |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Kulver-Bucy syndrome?
|
• Visual agnosia, Hyperorality, Hypermetamorphisis, Hyperphagia, Placidity, & Hypersexuality
|
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Rage behavior can be caused by lesions to what nuclei?
|
Septal nuclei
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What area of the brain is most likely associated w/ addictive behaviors? Why?
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• Nucleus accumbens
•It is the "pleasure center" of the brain |
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What disease has neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the nucleus basalis of Meynert?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Where are the septal nuclei located? What are the major afferents? What are the major efferents?
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• Located inferior and anterior to the septum pellucidum
• Afferents: Fornix, amydala, hypothalamus, & midbrain • Efferents: Stria medullaris thalami to habenular nuclei & thalamus, fornix, median forebrain bundle to hypothalamus |
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What are the major afferents of the Nucleus Accumbens? What are the major efferents?
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Afferents: Fornix, Ventral amygdalofugal pathway, Stria terminialis, Median forebrain bundle
Efferents: Hypothalamus, brainstem, Globus pallidus |
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What is the median forebrain bundle? What does it do?
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• It is a diffuse group of fibers that connect to the hypothalamus, septal areas & brainstem
• Dopamine released from the fibers is said to be related to perceptions of pleasure or drive reduction. |
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What area in the limbic system has a lot of aversion centers? What area has a lot of gratification areas?
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Aversion areas: hippocampus & amygdala
Gratification: Nucleus accumbens |
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Rage behavior can be caused by lesions to what nuclei?
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Septal nuclei
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What three bodies make up the corpus striatum? The striatum? The lentiform nuclues? Grossly, these structures appear like ___ in a coronal section?
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Corpus striatum: Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus
Striatum: Caudate & Putamen Lentiform nucleus: Putamen & Globus pallidus Appear like a piece of candy corn in a coronal section |
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What area of the brain is most likely associated w/ addictive behaviors? Why?
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• Nucleus accumbens
•It is the "pleasure center" of the brain |
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What structure makes up the lateral wall of most of the lateral ventricles and thus is "C" shaped? What three parts does it have?
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• Caudate
• Has a head, body, and tail |
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Where does the lentiform nucleus sit in relations hip to the midline thalamus? What to nuclei make up the lentiform nucleus?
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• Sits lateral and slightly anterior to the midline thalamus
• Lentofrom nucleus = putamen & globus pallidus |
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What are the major afferents of the Nucleus Accumbens? What are the major efferents?
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Afferents: Fornix, Ventral amygdalofugal pathway, Stria terminialis, Median forebrain bundle
Efferents: Hypothalamus, brainstem, Globus pallidus |
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The INdirect pathway of the basal nuclei (when no movement is happening) is summarized by?
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The Globus pallidus has the ability to tonically fire and AP, thus INHIBITING the VA/VL of the thalamus. This occurs when there is no excitatory input from the cerebral cortex to the striatum
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What area in the limbic system has a lot of aversion centers? What area has a lot of gratification areas?
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Aversion areas: hippocampus & amygdala
Gratification: Nucleus accumbens |
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The DIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus • GABA inhibits the GP, which inhibits it from inhibiting the thalamus (disinhibition) • Disinhibition allows the neurons of the VA & VL of the thalamus to fire and release glutamate onto the cerebral cortex |
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What three bodies make up the corpus striatum? The striatum? The lentiform nuclues? Grossly, these structures appear like ___ in a coronal section?
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Corpus striatum: Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus
Striatum: Caudate & Putamen Lentiform nucleus: Putamen & Globus pallidus Appear like a piece of candy corn in a coronal section |
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Activation of the direct pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↑ motor cortex activity and ↑ movement
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What structure makes up the lateral wall of most of the lateral ventricles and thus is "C" shaped? What three parts does it have?
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• Caudate
• Has a head, body, and tail |
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The INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when NO movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus ***• GP releases GABA onto the subthalamic nucleus • SN release glutamate back onto the BP • GB releases GABA onto the VA & VL to inhibit the thalamus <br Result is a ↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement |
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Where does the lentiform nucleus sit in relations hip to the midline thalamus? What to nuclei make up the lentiform nucleus?
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• Sits lateral and slightly anterior to the midline thalamus
• Lentofrom nucleus = putamen & globus pallidus |
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Activation of the INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement
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The INdirect pathway of the basal nuclei (when no movement is happening) is summarized by?
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The Globus pallidus has the ability to tonically fire and AP, thus INHIBITING the VA/VL of the thalamus. This occurs when there is no excitatory input from the cerebral cortex to the striatum
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The DIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus • GABA inhibits the GP, which inhibits it from inhibiting the thalamus (disinhibition) • Disinhibition allows the neurons of the VA & VL of the thalamus to fire and release glutamate onto the cerebral cortex |
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Lesions of the striatum (lose connections between the striatum & globus pallidus) results in?
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• Allows the globus pallidus to inhibit the VL of the thalamus
• Results ↓ in motor activity or Hypokinesia |
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What is akinesia?
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Impariment in the initiation of movement
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Activation of the direct pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↑ motor cortex activity and ↑ movement
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What is bradykinesia?
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Reducation in the velocity & amplitude of movement (really it is an actiation of the antagonistic muscles and not really a ↓ in muscle activity)
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The INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei (when NO movement is occuring) is summarized by?
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Direct pathway:
• Cerebral cortex neurons --> striatum. Release glutamate, activates neurons in the striatum • Excited neurons in the striatum project to the Globus pallidus and release GABA (inhibitory) onto neurons in the Globus Pallidus ***• GP releases GABA onto the subthalamic nucleus • SN release glutamate back onto the BP • GB releases GABA onto the VA & VL to inhibit the thalamus <br Result is a ↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement |
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What hypoinetic disorder is caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
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Activation of the INDIRECT pathway of the basal nuclei causes?
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↓ in motor cortex activity and ↓movement
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Lesions of the striatum (lose connections between the striatum & globus pallidus) results in?
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• Allows the globus pallidus to inhibit the VL of the thalamus
• Results ↓ in motor activity or Hypokinesia |
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What disease is characteriszed by both akinesic and bradykinesic disturbances?
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Parkinson's disease
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What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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• Slight asymmetrical gait
• Vague clumsiness of the hands • ↓ blinking, blank stare •↓ arm swing • tremor at rest, pill rolling movement w/ fingers • ↓ Cogwheel rigidity (↑ muscle tone) • Flexed posture • Paucty of movement • Shuffling of feet |
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What is akinesia?
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Impariment in the initiation of movement
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What are the treatments for Parkinson's?
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• Give L-Dopa w/ carbidopa
• Abaltive surgery of globus pallidus or vental thalamus • Implantation of electrodes in thalamus, globus pallidus, subthalamus |
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What is bradykinesia?
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Reducation in the velocity & amplitude of movement (really it is an actiation of the antagonistic muscles and not really a ↓ in muscle activity)
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What hypoinetic disorder is caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
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What pathways are disrupted in Parkinson's? What types of movement disorders are seen in Parkinson's?
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• Both the DIRECT and INDIRECT pathways are disrupted (dopamine is released from the substantia nigra to the striatum which regulates both pathways)
• Hypokinetic & hyperkinetic movement disorders are seen |
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What disease is characteriszed by both akinesic and bradykinesic disturbances?
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Parkinson's disease
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What are the three types of hyperkinetic distrubances?
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• Ballismus
• Choreiform movements • Athetoid movements |
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What is the term for hemibalism*, uncontrolled flinging of the UE or LE? What lesion can cause this? (*what does that mean?)
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• Ballismus
• Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on the CONTRALATERAL side • Hemibalism = occurs on one side of the body |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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• Slight asymmetrical gait
• Vague clumsiness of the hands • ↓ blinking, blank stare •↓ arm swing • tremor at rest, pill rolling movement w/ fingers • ↓ Cogwheel rigidity (↑ muscle tone) • Flexed posture • Paucty of movement • Shuffling of feet |
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What is the term of irregular, brisk, dance-like movements of the limbs which may also have a decrease in muscle tone? What lesions causes this? What diseases is it present in?
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• Choreiform movements
• An INDIRECT basal nuclei pathway lesion • Can be seen in Huntngton's disease or overTx Parkinson's disease |
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What are the treatments for Parkinson's?
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• Give L-Dopa w/ carbidopa
• Abaltive surgery of globus pallidus or vental thalamus • Implantation of electrodes in thalamus, globus pallidus, subthalamus |
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What is the term for slow writhing movements, most often in the UE, hands and face? What lesion causes this?
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• Athetoid movements
• A direct basal nuclei pathway |
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What pathways are disrupted in Parkinson's? What types of movement disorders are seen in Parkinson's?
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• Both the DIRECT and INDIRECT pathways are disrupted (dopamine is released from the substantia nigra to the striatum which regulates both pathways)
• Hypokinetic & hyperkinetic movement disorders are seen |
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What are the three types of hyperkinetic distrubances?
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• Ballismus
• Choreiform movements • Athetoid movements |
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What disease is characterized by hyperkinetic distrubances, 90% loss of striatal neurons and loss of Ach, with a flattened & small head of the caudate?
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• Huntington's disease
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What is the term for hemibalism*, uncontrolled flinging of the UE or LE? What lesion can cause this? (*what does that mean?)
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• Ballismus
• Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus on the CONTRALATERAL side • Hemibalism = occurs on one side of the body |
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What disease is characterized by the following symptoms? Absentmindedness, irritability, depression, clumsiness (falls) and later choreiform movements, cognition & speech decline, dementia & psych disorders?
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• Huntington's disease
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Huntington's disease is characterized by a loss of neurosn in what area and a flattened & small ____?
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• 90% loss of striatal neurons
• A small & flattened head of the caudate |
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What is the term of irregular, brisk, dance-like movements of the limbs which may also have a decrease in muscle tone? What lesions causes this? What diseases is it present in?
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• Choreiform movements
• An INDIRECT basal nuclei pathway lesion • Can be seen in Huntngton's disease or overTx Parkinson's disease |
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What is the name for the autoimmune disease that affects children after a streptococcal infxn? What are the symptoms?
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• Sydenham's chorea
• Symptoms: Chorea that is flowing and restless, muscular weakness, hypotonia, behavioral problems (obsessive/compulsive, attention deficit, irritability) |
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What is the term for slow writhing movements, most often in the UE, hands and face? What lesion causes this?
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• Athetoid movements
• A direct basal nuclei pathway |
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What disease is characterized by hyperkinetic distrubances, 90% loss of striatal neurons and loss of Ach, with a flattened & small head of the caudate?
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• Huntington's disease
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What disease is characterized by the following symptoms? Absentmindedness, irritability, depression, clumsiness (falls) and later choreiform movements, cognition & speech decline, dementia & psych disorders?
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• Huntington's disease
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Huntington's disease is characterized by a loss of neurosn in what area and a flattened & small ____?
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• 90% loss of striatal neurons
• A small & flattened head of the caudate |
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What is the name for the autoimmune disease that affects children after a streptococcal infxn? What are the symptoms?
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• Sydenham's chorea
• Symptoms: Chorea that is flowing and restless, muscular weakness, hypotonia, behavioral problems (obsessive/compulsive, attention deficit, irritability) |
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List the numbered parts:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 |
1: 3rd Ventricle
2: Hypothalamus 3: Red nucleus 4: Substantia nigra 5. Cerebral peduncles 6: Optic tracts 7: Lateral geniculate nuclei 8: Medial geniculate nuclei 9: Periaquaductal gray 10: Superior colliculus |
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Label 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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1: Optic tract
2: Hypothalamus 3: Mamillary bodies 4: 3rd ventricle 5: Cerebral peduncle 6: Substantia nigra 7: Periaquaductal grey 8: Inferior colliculus |
