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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common CNS excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS
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Glutamate
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Glutamate receptor subtypes
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AMPA / Kainate - excitatory
NMDA - modulation of synaptic activity Metabotropic - Activation of 2nd messenger systems |
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Most common CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter
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GABA
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Gaba receptor subtypes
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Gaba A and Gaba B = Inhibitory in body
Gaba C = inhibitory retina |
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Acetylcholine receptors for muscle contraction
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nicotinic
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Acetylcholine autonomic receptors
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nicotinic
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Acetylcholine receptors for parasympathetic functions
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muscarinic
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Norepinephrine receptors for sympathetic ganglia
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Alpha and Beta
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Dopamine receptors
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D1-5 Midbrain
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Serotonin receptor type
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5HT-1a-f
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Histamine Receptors
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H1-3
Hypothalamus and reticular formation |
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Glycine receptors
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Glycine
Spinal cord |
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Peptides
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Numerous receptors throughout the CNS
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White matter
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Areas made up of primarily myelinated axons
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Grey Matter
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Areas made up mainly of cell bodies
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Examples of grey matter in the brain
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Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and CN nuclei
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Conveys mainly sensory information in the spinal cord
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Dorsal nerve roots
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Conveys mainly efferent motor signals
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Ventral nerve roots
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Sympathetic "Fight or Flight"
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Pupil dilation
Bronchodilation Cardiac acceleration Inhibition of digestion Piloerection Stimulation of glucose release Systemic vasoconstriction |
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Parasympathetic "Rest or Digest"
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Pupil constriction
Bronchoconstriction Cardiac deceleration Stimulation of digestion Salivation, lacrimation Intestinal vasodilation |
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Most important motor pathway in humans
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Corticospinal Tract
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Olfactory nerve
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CN I
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Optic Nerve
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CN II
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Oculomotor nerve
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CN III
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Trochlear nerve
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CN IV
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Trigeminal nerve
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CN V
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Abducens nerve
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CN VI
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Facial nerve
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CN VII
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
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CN VIII
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
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CN IX
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Vagus nerve
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CN X
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Spinal Accessory nerve
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CN XI
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Hypoglossal nerve
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CN XII
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Difficulty with calculations, R-L confusion, inability to identify fingers, difficulties with written language
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Gerstmann's syndrome
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Abnormalities in motor conceptualization,planning and execution
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apraxia
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Unawareness of a deficit
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anosognosia
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Repeating a single action over and over without progressing to the next one
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perseverate
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Tendency to stare passively and to respond to commands only after a long delay
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abulic
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Characteristic unsteady magnetic gate and urinary incontinence
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Frontal lobe lesion
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Inability to recognize faces
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prosopagnosia
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Inability to recognize colors
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achromatopsia
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persistence or reappearance of an object viewed earlier
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palinopsia
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Central fixation point for the eye
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fovea
1-2 degrees of visual space, half of nerve fibers |
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Oval region surrounding the fovea
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macula
central 5 degrees of visual space |
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Where the axons gather to form the optic nerve
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optic disc
no photo receptors over optic disc |
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High spatial and temporal resolution, detect colors
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Cones
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Cells excited by light in the center of their receptive field ad inhibited by light in the surrounding area
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On-center cells
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Inhibited by light in the center of their receptive field and excited in the surrounding area
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Off-center cells
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Sensitive to fine visual detail
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P cells - ore numerous
subdivision of retinal ganglion cell |
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Sensitive to gross stimulus features and large receptive fields
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M cells
subdivision of retinal ganglion cell |
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Project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
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M cells
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Project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate
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P cells
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Nasal (medial) fibers for each eye...
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cross over in the optic chiasm
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Lesions of the optic chiasm produce
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bitemporal visual field defects
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Lesions of the eye, retina or optic nerves create
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monocular visual field defects
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Brodmann number for primary visual cortex
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area 17
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Cells for Motion/spatial analysis for visual cortex
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M cells - Dorsolateral parietotemporal cortex
projecting mainly to 4Calpha |
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Cells for form and color analysis in visual cortex
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P cells - Inferior occiptotemporal cortex
Projecting mainly to 4Cbeta |
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Positive phenomena of light flashes may indicate...
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retinal detachment
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Positive phenomena of rainbow-colored halos around onjects may indicate...
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acute glaucoma
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A circumscribed region of visual loss
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scotoma
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A visual field defect in the same region for both eyes
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Homonymous defect
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Indistinct vision improved by corrective lenses
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Refractive error
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Bright, uniformed flashes, streaks or balls of light
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Photopsias
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Photopsias produced by retinal shear or optic nerve disease
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Phosphenes
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Seeing structures in one's own eye
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Entopic phenomena
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Distortion or misinterpretation of visual perception
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Illusion
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Perception of something that is not present
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Hallucination
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Monocular scotoma
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lesion of the retina
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Common causes of monocular vision loss or scotoma
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glaucoma, optic neuritis, elevated ICP, anterior ischemic neuropathy, optic glioma, schwannoma, meningioma, and trauma
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Three main causes of impaired blood flow in the opthalmic artery and it's branches are
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emboli
stenosis vasculitis |
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Retinal artery has two major branches, occlucion of one can cause
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altitudinal scotoma
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Ischemia to meyer's loop results in
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contralateral superior quadrantanopia
Pie in the sky |
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Inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve that is related to MS
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Optic neuritis
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