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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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maintains blood brain barrier cell
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astrocytes
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marker for this cell is GFAP
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astrocytes
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repair cell of CNS
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astrocyte
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inner lining of ventricle cell
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ependymal
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phagocytosis in CNS cell
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microglia
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central myelin production cell
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oligodendrocytes
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peripheral myelin production cel
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schwann cell
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CNS cell that arises from mesoderm
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microglia
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where do all cns cells except microglia arise?
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ectoderm
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cns cells with small irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm
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microglia
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what do hiv-infected microglia form?
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multinucleated giant cells
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can myelinate up to 30 axons
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oligodendrocytes
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predominant glial cell in white matter
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oligodendrocytes
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cell destroyed in multiple sclerosis
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oligodendrocytes
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cell that can only myelinate one axon
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schwann cell
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cell that promotes axonal regeneration
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schwann cell
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nerve layer that invests single nerve fiber
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endoneurium
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nerve layer that invests fascicle of nerve fibers
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perineurium
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nerve layer that surround entire nerve
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epinerium
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small encapsulated nerve endings found in dermis of digits and palms and soles
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meissner's corpuscles
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corpuscle involved in light discriminatory touch
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meissner's corpuscles
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large encapsulated nerve endings in deep layers of skin
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pacinian corpuscles
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corpuscles involved in pressure, course touch, vibration
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pacinian corpuscles
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nerve endings in dermis of fingertips and hair
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merkel's discs
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what is involved in light, crude touch
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merke's discs
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what makes endolymph
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stria vascularis
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what detects linear acceleration
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utricle and saccule
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what detects angular acceleration
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semicircular canals
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where in the cochlea picks up high-frequency sounds?
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base
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where in the cochlea picks up low-frequency sound
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apex of the cochlea
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what are characteristics of the base of the cochlea?
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narrow and stiff
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what are characteristics of the apex of the cochlea?
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wide and flexible
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what type of hearing loss occurs first in the elderly?
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high frequency hearing loss
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name the three structures of the BBB
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tight junctions between endothelail cells, basememt membrane, astrocyte processes
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give two areas where brain has fenestrated capillaries
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area postrema and neurohypophysis
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thirst and water center in hypothalamus
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supraoptic nucleus
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part of hypothalamus that produces releasing factors
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adenohypophysis
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part of hypothalamus that releases synthesized hormones
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neurohypophysis
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destruction of this area in hypothalamus leads to anorexia and starvation
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lateral nucleus
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what area in hypothalamus regulates parasympathetic temperature
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anterior (A/C)
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what area of hypothalamus regulates sympathetic temperature?
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posterior area
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area of hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythmn
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suprachiasmatic nuclei
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area of hypothalamus involved in sexual urges and emotions
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septal nucleus
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destruction of this area in hypothalamus leads to obesity
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ventromedial (i.e. you grow ventral and medial)
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what is made in the supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
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ADH
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what is made in the paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
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oxytocin
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which area of pituitary receives ADH and oxytocin
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neurohypophysis (posterior)
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define major function for thalamus
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major relay for ascneding sensory information
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visual nucleus of thalamus
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lateral geniculate (light)
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sound nucleus of thalamus
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medial geniculate (sound)
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part of thalamus responsible for body sensation
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VPL
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part of thalamus responsible for facial sensation
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VPM
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what are the motor nuclei of the thalamus?
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ventral anterior and ventral lateral
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what are the 5 F's of the ventral system
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feeding, fighting, feeling, flight, fucking
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main function of basal ganglia
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voluntary movement and postural adjustments
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name the direct overall impact of parkinsons' on dopamine receptors
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inhibit stimulation of direct pathway, inhibit inhibition of indirect = so overall inhibitory
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what gives inhibitory signal to the subthalamic nucleus?
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globus pallidus externa
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what gives excitatory signal to globus palllidus
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subthalamic nucleus
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what is the function of the arcuate fasciulus
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connect wrnicke's area to broca's area
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lesion here leads to lack of social judement
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frontal lobes
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area of motor cortex responsible for feet
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medial area
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area of motor cortex responsible for face
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lateral area
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what artery near circle of willis is not actually included in it?
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PCA
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most common circle of willis aneurysm that can cause visual field defects
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anterior communicating
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common area of aneurysm that causes CN III palsy
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posterior communciating
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arteries of stroke that supply internal capsule, etc.
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lateral striate (From MCA)
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stroke in this area of circle of willis will cause sensory and motor defects + aphasia
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anterior circle
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stroke in this area of circle of willis will cause cranial nerve defects, cerebellar defects, coma
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posterior circle
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what is the main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations
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superior sagittal sinus
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where are the most common vertebral disk herniations
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L5-S1
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how does the lateral ventricle communicate w/ the 3rd ventricle
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foramen of monro
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how does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle
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aqueduct of sylvius
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how does the 4th ventricle communicate with the subarachnoid space laterally and medially?
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foramina of luschka (lateral), foramina of magendia (medial)
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how many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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where does the subarachnoid space extend to in adults?
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S2
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where do you do lumbar punctures?
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l3-L4, L4-L5
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where is the lower border of the adult spinal cord
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L1
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at what level of the pelvis do you do a lumbar puncture?
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iliac crest
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name the order of structures pierced in a lumbar puncture
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1. skin, 2. ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum) 3. epidrual space 4. dura mater 5. subdural space 6. arachnoid 7. subarachnoid space - CSF
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how is the topology of the lateral corticospianl tract arranged (from arms to legs)?
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arms are medial, legs are lateral
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what tract carries info about upper body pressure, vibration, touch proprioception?
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fasciculus cuneatus
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what tract carried info about lower body pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception?
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fasciculus gracilis
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what is more medial, fasciculus cuneatus or fasciculus gracilis?
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fasciculus gracilis
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how are the spinal thalamic tracts arranged (sacral to cervical)
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sacral more dorsal, cervical more ventral
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where is the 1st synpase of the spinothalamic tract?
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ipsilateral gray matter
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where is the 1st synapse of the lateral coticospinal tract
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cell body of the anterior horn of the spinal cord
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what 3 cranial nerves lie medially in brain stem?
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III, VI, XII
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what cranial nerve nuclei are in the midbrain?
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III, IV,
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what cranial nerve nuclei are in the pons?
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V, VI, VII, VIII
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what cranial nerve nuclei are in the medulla
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IX, X, XI, XII
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for cranial nerves, what function do medial and lateral cell bodies do?
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medial = motor, lateral = sensory
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what nerve is responsible for pupil constriction
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CN III
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what nerve is responsible for eyelid opening?
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CN III
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what nerve is responsible for salivation
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cn VII
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what nerve is responsible for lacrimation
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CN VII
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what nerve closes the eyelid?
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cn VII
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what nerve gets taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
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CN IX
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what nerve innervates the parotid gland?
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cn IX
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what nerve is responsible for palate elevatoin?
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cn X
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what nerve is responsible for talking?
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cn X
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what nerve is responsible for taste in the epiglottic region
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cn X
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what muscle does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve not innervate?
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cricothyroid nerve
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what does the nucleius solitarius do?
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visceral sensory info (taste, baroreceptors)
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what does the nucleus ambigiuus do
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motor for paharynx, larynx, upper esophogus (ie. swallowing, palate elevation)
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what does the dorsal motor nucleus do?
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sends paraysympathetic fibers to internal viscerae
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what 3 cranial nerves does the nucleus solitarius innervate?
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vii, ix, x
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what 3 cranial nerves does the dorsla motor nucleus innervate?
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ix, x, xi
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what cranial nerve comes out of the cribiform plate?
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CN I
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what 3 structures go out of the optic canal
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cn ii, opthalmic artery, central retinal vein
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what 5 structures go out of hte superior orbital fissure?
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cn iii, iv, v(1), vi, opthalmic vein
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what goes out of the foramen rotundum
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cn v2
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what goes out of the foramen ovale?
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cn v3
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what goes out of the foramen spinosum
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middle meningeal artery
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through what bone do you need to cross to get to middle cranial fossa?
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sphenoid bone
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what cranial nerves are in the middle cranial fossa?
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II-VI
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what cranial nerves are in the posterior cranial fossa?
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VII-XII
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what 2 nerves go through the internal audiotory meatus?
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VII, VIII
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what 4 structures go through the jugular foramen?
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ix, x, xi, jugular vein
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what goes through the hypoglossal canal?
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cn XII
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what 3 structures go through the foramen magnum?
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spinal roots of cn xi, brain stem, vertebral arteries
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what 6 structures are in the cavernous sinus?
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cn III, IV, V1, V2, VI, postganglionic sympathetic fibers
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what is the structure in the cavernous sinus that is free floating
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cn VI
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what 3 things happen in cavernous sinus syndrome (compression)
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ophtlamoplegia, opthalmic and mandibular sensory loss
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what is the bone right below the pituitary?
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sphenoid bone
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what is the structure right above the pituitary?
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optic chiasm
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what 3 muscles close the jaw?
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masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
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what nerve innervates all the muscles of mastication?
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v3
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what muscle opesn the jaw?
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lateral pterygoid
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what nerve innervates structures with -glossus
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cn ix
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what is the exception to the -glossus rule?
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palatoglossus, innervated by cn x
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what cranial nerves are in the posterior cranial fossa?
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VII-XII
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what 2 nerves go through the internal audiotory meatus?
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VII, VIII
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what 4 structures go through the jugular foramen?
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ix, x, xi, jugular vein
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what goes through the hypoglossal canal?
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cn XII
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what 3 structures go through the foramen magnum?
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spinal roots of cn xi, brain stem, vertebral arteries
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what innervates all the muscles with palate in their names
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cn x
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what 6 structures are in the cavernous sinus?
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cn III, IV, V1, V2, VI, postganglionic sympathetic fibers
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what is the exception to the rule that cn x innervates all muscles with palate in the name
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tensor veli palatini (v3)
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what is the structure in the cavernous sinus that is free floating
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cn VI
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what is the funciton of the inferior oblique muscle?
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adduct, elevate, extort
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what 3 things happen in cavernous sinus syndrome (compression)
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ophtlamoplegia, opthalmic and mandibular sensory loss
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what is the function of the superior oblique muscle?
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adduct, depress, intort
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what is the bone right below the pituitary?
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sphenoid bone
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what are the 2 nerves responsible for the pupillary light reflex?
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afferent = cn II, efferent = cn III
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what is the structure right above the pituitary?
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optic chiasm
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define the pupillary light reflex
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light goes to pretectal nucleus, then to edinger-westphal nucleus, then bilaterally through cn III to both eyes
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what 3 muscles close the jaw?
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masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
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what does the kuh kuh kuh test
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cn x, palate elevation
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what nerve innervates all the muscles of mastication?
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v3
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what does la la la test
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cn XII, tongue
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what muscle opesn the jaw?
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lateral pterygoid
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what does mi mi mi test
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cn vii, lips
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what nerve innervates structures with -glossus
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cn XII
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trace the papez circuit
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hippocampus to mammary body to anterior thalamus to cingulate to entorhinal cortex back to hippocampus
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what is the exception to the -glossus rule?
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palatoglossus, innervated by cn x
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what is the papez circuit responsible for?
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learning/memory
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what happens when you destroy the subthalamic nucleus?
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contralateral hemiballismus
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what happens whe you destroy the cerebellar vermis?
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truncal ataxia, dysarthria
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define dysarthria
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difficult in speech articulation
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lesion in cerebellar hemisphere
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intention tremor, limb ataxia
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lesion in basal ganglia
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tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis
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lesion in bilateral mamillary bodies
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wernick-korsakoff
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what happens in lesion in reticular activating system
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coma
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lesion in right parietal lobe
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agnosia of the contralateral side of the world
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lesion in the frontal lobe
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emergence of primitive reflex
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define agnosia
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loss of ability to recognize objects
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bilateral lesion of amygdala
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kluver bucy (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
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lesion in arcuate fasciculus
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conduction aphasia: good compreshension/speech but with poor reptition
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lesion in wernicke's area
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sensory aphasia with poor comprehension
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lesion in broca's area
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motor aphasia with good comprehension
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what happens to weakness, atrophy, fasciculation, reflexes, tone, and babinski in an upper motor neuron lesion?
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weak, increased reflex, increased tone, + babinski
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what happens to weakness, atrophy, fasciculatoin, reflexes, tone and babinski in a lower motor neuron lesion
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weak, atrophy ,fasciculations, decrease reflex, decrase tone
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anterior horn lesion diseases (2)
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poliomyelitis and werdnig hoffman
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wwhat are consequences of anterior horn lesion?
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lower motor neuron lesion (flaccid paralysis)
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define syringomyelia
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enalrgement of the central canal of the spinal cord
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what are the consequences of syringomyelia?
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bilaterally loss of pain and temperature sensation
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what is often present in those with synringomyelia?
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arnold-chiari malformation
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where is syringomyelia most commly found?
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C8-T1
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what are the conseuqneces of tabes dorsalis?
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impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia
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what disease causes tabes dorsalis?
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tertiary sphilis
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name 4 associations with tabes dorsalis
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charcot's joints, shooting pain, argyll robertson pupils, loss of DTRs
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name 5 consequences of brown-sequard syndrome?
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ipsilateral umn lesions, ipsilateral loss of vibration/propriosception, contralateral pain/temperature loss, ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion, lmn signs at lesion
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what occurs if brown-sequard is above T1
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horner's synrome
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name the 3 neuron pathway for the oculosympathetic pahtway (horner's)
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hypothalamus to superior cervical ganglion then to pupil, eyelids, sweat glands
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where does tongue deviate in cn XII lesion?
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towardes lesion
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where does jaw deviate in cn V lesion?
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towards lesion
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where happens in unilateral cerebellum lesion?
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patient falls towards lesion
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where does uvula deviate in cn x lesion?
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away from lesion
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how does the head turn and shoulder drop in cn xi lesion?
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head can't turn towards contralateral side, shoulder drop on side of lesion
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umn cn vii lesion
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contralateral paralysis of lower face
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lmn lesion of cn VII
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ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face
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define bell's palsy
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ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on affected side
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what is destroyed in bell's palsy
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facial nerve nucleus or direct efferent fibers
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name 5 disease with bell's palsy
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aids, lyme disease, sarcoidosis, tumors, diabetes
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what is compressed in cingulate herniation?
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ACA
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what is the herniation under falx cerebri?
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cingulate herniation?
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what can result in transtentorial herniation?
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coma and death when compress brain stem
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where is the uncus?
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medial temporal lobe
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what herniates through the foramen magnum?
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cerebellar tonsils
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what is the immediate consequence of cerebellar tonsillar herniation?
|
repsiratory failure and death
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name 4 consequence of uncal herniation and what lesions cause these problems to occur?
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first sign: ipsilateral dilated pupil/ptosis (stretch cn III), contralateral homonymous hemianopia (compress ipsilateral PCA), ipsilateral paresis (compres contralateral crus cerebri), duret hemorrhages - paramedian artery rupture
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where is optic nerve cut to get right anopia
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at optic nerve
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where is optic nerve cut to get bitemporal hemianopia
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optic chiasm
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where is optic nerve cut to get left homonymous hemianopia
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optic tract
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where is optic nerve cut to get left upper quadrantic anopsia
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meyer's loop (temporal)
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where is optic nerve cut to get left lower quadrantic anopia
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parietal lobe radiation
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where is optic nerve cut to get left hemianopia with macular sparing
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visual cortex
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where is the lesion to get internuclear opthalmoplegia
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medial longitudinal fasciculus
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what are the consequences of internuclear opthalmoplegia?
|
nystagmus in abducting eye, medial rectus palsy on lateral gase
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what disease has internuclear opthalmoplegia?
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multiple sclerosis
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name the pathway of the MLF
|
nucleus of cn VI fires, contract left lateral rectus and stimulates contralateral cn III nucleus via MLF to contract right medial rectus
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lesion in spinal chord: bilateral spastic paresis, bilateral loss of pain/temperature, bilateral flaccid paralysis of innervated muscles
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ventral spinal artery occlusion
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two arteries that infarct can cause cn III problems
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superior cerebellar artery, posterior cerebral artery
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lesion: bilateral loss of proprioception and vibration, bilateral spastic paresis, bilateral arm and leg dystaxia
|
subacute combined degeneration
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lesion: bilateral loss of pain and temperature plus flaccid paralysis of innervated muscles
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syringomyelia
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lesion: paresthesias, pain, sensory loss, hyporeflexia, muscle weakness and particular segment
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intervertebral disk herniation
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lesion: severe unilateral pain, unilateral muscle atrophy, no quadriceps and ankle jerk, gradual
|
cauda equina syndrome
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lesion: bilateral non-severe pain, incontinence, impaired sexual function, sudden onset
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conus medullaris syndrome
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lesion: contralateral spastic hemiparesis, contralateral loss of tactile/vibration sense, ipsilateral deviation of tongue
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anterior spinal artery
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lesion: loss of gag reflex, nystagmus, contralateral loss of pain and temperature, vertigo, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, dysphagia, hoarseness
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PICA
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lesion: contralateral spastic hemiparesis, contralateral loss of tactile sensation from trunk/ipsilateral lateral rectus paralysis
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paramedian branches of basilar artery (pons)
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lesion: ipsilateral facial nerve paralysis, ipsilateral loss of anterior 2/3 tongue, loss of lacrimation, loss of corneal reflex, nysagmus, vomiting, contralateral pain and temperature loss
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AICA (lateral pons)
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where is lesion: pinealoma or germinoma: paralysis of upward and downward gaze, noncommunicating hydrocephalus, absence of convergence
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parinaud's (dorsal midbrain)
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where is lesion: tonic abduction and depression of eye, ptosis, dilated pupil, cerebellar dystaxia, contralateral loss of vibration/proprioception
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paramedian midbrain
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where is lesion: tonic abduction and depression of eye, contralateral spastic hemiparesis, contralateral weakness of lower face, deviation of tongue towards lesion, deviation of uvula away from lesion
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medial midbrain lesion (eye + loss of corticobulbar tracts)
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tinittus, vertigo, nystagmus, unilateral deafness,
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acoustic neuroma
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where is lesion: ipsilateral loss of gag reflex, paralysis of soft palate ipsilatera, ipsilateral loss of taste of tongue, parlaysis of SCM and trapezius
|
jugular foramen syndrome
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lesion: can blink but can't move, pseudocoma
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"locked in syndrome" in pons
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lesin: transient weakness and claudication of left arm in excercise
|
subclavian steal snydrome
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mechanism of subclavian steal syndrome
|
thrombosis of left subclavian before vertebral artery, unoxygenated blood shunted down to vertebral through circle of willis
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what nerves at cerebellopontine angle?
|
cn VII, VIII
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define cerebellopontine angle?
|
where medulla, pons, and cerebellum meet
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afferent and eferent for corneal reflex?
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afferent: v1, efferent: VII
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afferent and efferent for jaw reflex
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afferent: v3, efferent: v3
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afferent and efferent for lacrimal reflex
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afferent: v1, efferent VII
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oculocardiac reflex afferent and efferent
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afferent: VI, efferent X
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gag reflex: afferent and efferent
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afferent: IX, efferent, X
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anterograde degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths, secondary proliferatoin of schwann cells
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wallerian degeneration
|
|
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what hemisphere is dominant?
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left hemisphere
|
|
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hemisphere responsible for nonverbal ideation, recognition of faces, spatial perception
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right hemisphere
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|
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hemisphere responsible for language, speech, calculation
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left hemisphere
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innermost cell layer of cerebellar cortex
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granular layer
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middle layer of cerebellar cortex
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purkinje layer
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|
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outmost layer of cerebellar cortex
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molecular layer
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|
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retrograde degeneration of neurons and loss of nissl substance after axotomy
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chromatolysis
|
|
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what is the only output of the cerebellar cortex
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purkinje fibers
|
|
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are purkinje fibers inhibitory or excitatory?
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excitatory
|
|
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what excites purkinje fibers (2)
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parallel and climbing fibers
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what inibits purkinje cell fibers (2)
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basket and stellate cells
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what are the axons of granule cells called
|
parallel fibers
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what are the glomeruli of the granular layer of the cerebellar cotex?
|
where mossy fibers synpase on granular and golgi II cells
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|
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where do paralell fibers synpase?
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outermost, molecular layer
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|
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where do climbing fibers originate?
|
inferior olive in medulla
|
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where do climbing fibers synapse?
|
purkinje cells
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what purpose do climbing fibers play?
|
cerebellar motor learning
|
|
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where are mossy fibers from
|
many centers in brain stem/spinal cord
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where do mossy fibers terminate on
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granule cell dendrites
|
|
|
what will happen in weber test in conduction deafness?
|
will hear vibration more loudly in affected era
|
|
|
what will happen in weber test in nerve deafness
|
louder in normal ear
|
|
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what will happen in rinne test in conduction deafness
|
BC>AC in affected ear
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|
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what will happen in rinne test in nerve deafness
|
AC>BC in both ears
|
|
|
if lesion of superior oblique muscle, where will you turn your head?
|
will be tonically extorted so will turn head in opposite direction to stabilize vision
|
|
|
where is the slow phase of nystagmus in regards to rotation
|
opposite rotation
|
|
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where is the fast phase of nystagmus in regards to rotation
|
towards rotation
|
|
|
describe the fast/slow phases of nystagmus post-rotation
|
slow phase nystagmus towards rotation, fast phase away from rotation
|
|
|
in cold water nystagmus test, where will the nystagmus be twoards
|
opposite side
|
|
|
in warm water nystagmus, where will the nystagmus be towards
|
same side
|
|
|
low-intensity light, involved in night vision
|
rods
|
|
|
lower acuity, not in fovea
|
rods
|
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is there color vision in rods?
|
no
|
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is there color vision in cones?
|
yes
|
|
|
higher acuity, in fovea
|
cones
|
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high-intensity light, day vision
|
cones
|
|
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where are vasomotor center, respiratory center, swalloing/coughing/vomiting centers
|
medulla
|
|
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where is pneumotaxic center
|
pons
|
|
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what is function of pneumotaxic center?
|
inhibits inspiration indirectly of vagus
|
|
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where is micturition center
|
midbrain
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