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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four cerebral lobes?
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Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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What are the main sulci and fissures?
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Central Sulcus (of Rolando)
Lateral Sulcus (of Sylvius) Parieto-occipital fissure Calcarine fissure Pre-occipital notch |
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Pre-occipital notch
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Indentation that begins the separation of parietal from occipital lobe
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Frontal lobe
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From the tip of the brain back to central sulcus
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Central Sulcus (of Rolando)
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Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Natural boundary |
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Location of the Parietal Lobe
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From central sulcus to "imaginary line" (parieto-occipital fissure) separating it from the occipital lobe
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Location of the Temporal Lobe
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Inferior to lateral fissure
Separated from occipital lobe by pre-occipital notch |
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Lateral Sulcus/Fissure (of Sylvius)
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Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe
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Location of occipital lobe
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Bounded anteriorally by parietal and temporal lobes
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Parieto-occipital fissure
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Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
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What is the insula?
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Cortical area, buried in depths of lateral sulcus
Hidden by parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes |
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Why is the insula important?
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Important in speech production
If damaged, it could cause apraxia |
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Operculum
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If you "open up" the temporal lobe, the parts that overhang make up the roof of the insula
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What are the parts of the operculum?
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Frontal operculum
Temporal operculum Parietal operculum |
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Where is the cingulate gyrus?
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Medial location - immediately superior to corpus callosum
Connected to corpus callosum, olfactory bulb and limbic system |
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What is the role of the cingulate gyrus?
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emotional responses
Drive-related behaviors |
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What are the anatomic divisions of the frontal lobe?
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Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus |
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What are the 3 areas of frontal cortex?
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Pre-frontal
Pre-motor Pre-central |
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Pre-frontal gyrus
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Executive functions (critical thinking, self talk, self monitoring, organizing, planning)
Personality |
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Pre-motor gyrus
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Everything in front of the pre-central gyrus
Related to voluntary motor activity |
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Pre-central gyrus
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Fissure of Rolando
Motor strip Initiation of conscious, voluntary motor movement - just gives the command, the rest of the brain refines the activity. Many neurons of descending pathways originate here and go to the brainstem and spinal cord |
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What are the functional divisions of the frontal lobe?
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Primary motor cortex, aka motor strip (pre-central gyrus)
Pre-motor area |
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Contralateral
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Fibers originate on one side of the brain, decussate and innervate opposite side of the body
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Ipsilateral
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Fiber tracts originate and innervate the same side
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Homunculus
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Map of body in cortical areas (outer cortical layer)
The greater the fine motor movement required, the greater the area taken up for that body part (e.g. hand = larger area than leg) |
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Superior Frontal Gyrus
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Perpendicular to pre-central gyrus
From central fissure down towards frontal pole Area: secondary motor to articulatory speech Medially: goes down to meet cingulate gyrus |
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Inferior Frontal Gyrus
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Posterior portion of 3rd frontal convolution (aka gyrus)
Broca's area in left hemisphere - voluntary speech |
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What will damage to Broca's area cause?
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Articulation formulation/language production and written language
? |
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What will happen if you have damage to Broca's area AND the insula is compromised?
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Apraxia of speech - inability to voluntarily move the articulators to produce speech
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True/False: Damage to Broca's area will cause Broca's Aphasia.
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False, Broca's aphasia results from damage to Broca's area and neighboring areas
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What is the difference between voluntary motor of articulation and articulation/language formulation?
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Voluntary motor of articulation = being able to voluntarily move (program) the articulators
Articulation/language formulation = Has to do with language (sentence construction, syntax) |
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What are the results in Broca's aphasia?
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Problems with comprehension, sentence construction, syntax
Only minor articulation problems |
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What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
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Consciousness: how do we know what we are doing?
How do we initiate activity? Judgments we make about what occurs in our daily life Control of emotional responses, of expressive language Assign meaning to words Word associations Memory for habits and motor activities |
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What problems might we have if we have damage in the frontal lobe?
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Loss of movement - contralateral paralysis
Unable to plan sequences of events Loss of flexibility in thinking - becomes concrete (abstractions become hard) Changes in personality and mood Inability to express language - Broca's Aphasia Perseverate, distraction, concrete, emotionally labile (extreme, rapid temperament changes), fragmented behavior |
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What are the areas of interest in the parietal lobe?
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Postcentral gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Arcuate fasciculus |
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Postcentral gyrus
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Parallel to precentral gyrus but more posterior (behind central fissure)
Sensory cortex - receives sensation Initial cortical processing of tactile proprioceptive info |
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Supramarginal gyrus
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"Caps" the upturned end of the lateral sulcus
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Angular gyrus
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Posterior to supramarginal gyrus
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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Not visible on lateral view - must go inside to see
Not a gyrus - anatomical landmark White mater Links Wernicke's and Broca's areas |
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
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Plays important role in ability to discriminate size, shape, texture, maintaining body position in space
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Parietal damage in right hemisphere
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90% of people will have contralateral side neglect
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Left side neglect with parietal damage in right hemisphere
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Half of field of vision is "not seen" (in this case, the left side)
Can affect personal space: left side "not there" Visual fields jumbled - not a sensory problem (glasses won't help) |
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Damage to postcentral gyrus
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Specific losses with partial recovery
-sense of position in space -unable to localize area being touched -Discriminating between shapes, sizes is difficult |
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Parietal damage in left hemisphere
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Only 33% or fewer patients with left hemisphere damage will show right side neglect
Acalculalia (reduced math skills) Orientation problems |
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What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
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Location for visual attention and touch perception
Manipulation of objects Integration of different senses that allow understanding a single concept |
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What are some observed problems of the parietal lobe?
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Unable to attend to more than one object at a time
anomia, agraphia, alexia (dyslexia) and acalculalia difficulty drawing one side neglect difficulties with eye-hand coordination |
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What are the gyri of the temporal lobe?
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Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus |
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Temporal lobe
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Lateral surface is primary reception area
Superior temporal gyrus continues into lateral sulcus Forms inside (medial) wall (temporal operculum) |
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Gyrus of Heschl
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Termination of information started by 8th auditory nerve from cochlea
Folded into superior temporal gyrus (can't see it from the outside) Portion that continues in middle (into lateral fissure) is primary auditory association area |
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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In the left hemisphere, posterior 2/3rd of the superior temporal gyrus is called Wernicke's Area
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Damage to Wernicke's area
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Problems with language formulation and comprehension
Problems with auditory comprehension No articulation problems but "run on speech" Can also be emotionally labile |
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What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
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auditory reception/hearing ability
memory and language categorization some visual perception |
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What are some observed problems of the temporal lobe?
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Difficulty understanding language - Wernicke's aphasia
Difficulty recognizing faces (prosopagnosia) Short term memory loss Interference with long-term memory Categorization problems |
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What are the parts of the occipital lobe?
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Primary visual cortex
Visual association cortex Calcarine Fissure Medial Gyri |
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Where is the primary visual cortex found?
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In the left and right medial surfaces of each hemisphere - not on the lateral surfaces!
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What problems can damage to the occipital lobe cause?
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Visual field problems, but not visual acuity
-Homonymous hemianopsia (half of the visual field on the same side of the damage) Alexia without agraphia - can't read but can write (single modality disorder) -damage includes neighboring areas -visual cortex + splenium of calcarine fissure + part of supramarginal gyrus |
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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Vision
Visual field problems Identifying colors Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects Word blindness - difficulty reading and writing Unable to recognize the movements of an object |
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Ventricles
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Closed system of 4 communicating cavities within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Fluid exits which ventricle to fill the subarachnoid space?
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The fourth ventricle
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What are the holes in the 4th ventricle called?
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Foramen of Magendie
Foramina of Luschka |
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Where are the lateral ventricles?
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One in each hemisphere
Anterior horn in the frontal lobe Posterior portion in occipital lobe Inferior horn extends to temporal lobe |
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What forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?
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Corpus callosum
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What forms the lining of the lateral ventricles?
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pia mater
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Caudate nucleus
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Gray matter in middle of each hemisphere
Part of basal ganglia Communicates with 3rd ventricle through holes (foramen of monro, aka intraventricular foramen of monro) |
