Neuroanatomy

Front 1

These are glial cells that line the ventricular system and line choroid plexus

Back 1

Ependymal cells

Front 2

Ependymal cells help produce

Back 2

cerebral spinal fluid

Front 3

Microglia

Back 3

are glial cells that migrate to damaged areas and help dispose pathogens, serving as phagocytes

Front 4

These glial cells myelinate central axons

Back 4

oligodendrocytes

Front 5

Astrocytes help regulate

Back 5

microenvironment in response to brain injury

Front 6

Name the three sensory cranial nerves

Back 6

CN 1 Olfactory assists with smell
CN 2 Optic assists with vision
CN 8 Vestibulocochlear assists with hearing and regulating balance

Front 7

List the five Motor Cranial Nerves

Back 7

CN 3 Oculomotor
CN 4 Trochlear
CN 6 Abducens
CN 11 Accessory
CN 12 Hypoglossal

Front 8

List the four mixed Cranial Nerves

Back 8

CN 5 Trigeminal
CN 7 Facial
CN 9 Glossopharyngeal
CN 10 Vagus

Front 9

The vertebral arteries changes its names at the level of the pons and becomes the

Back 9

basilar artery

Front 10

basilar artery becomes the what at the level of the cerebrum

Back 10

posterior cerebral artery

Front 11

obstruction of the right carotid artery causes weakness and loss of sensation on which side of the body

Back 11

left side

Front 12

Blockage of vertebral artery distribution affects circulation to which brain areas?

What symptoms arise?

Back 12

occipital lobe (visual area), brain stem, and cerebellum

dizziness and may result in loss of vision

Front 13

the internal carotid artery divides into what two arteries

Back 13

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Front 14

occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery can result in loss of

Back 14

strength and sensation in the lower part of the body

Front 15

occlusion of the middle cerebral artery

Back 15

affects strength and sensation in the upper regions of the body

Front 16

occlusion of the basilar artery at the junction of the two posterior cerebral arteries will result in

Back 16

total blindness since the posterior cerebral arteries supply the visual cortex

Front 17

occlusion of the vertebral artery may result in

Back 17

little or no deficit because of the remaining blood supply from the opposite vertebral artery

Front 18

CSF flows from the two lateral ventricles through the two

Back 18

interventricular foramina (holes) or Foramen of Monro

Front 19

CSF from the third ventricle passes through the what before entering the fourth ventricle

Back 19

aqueduct of Sylvius or cerebral aqueduct

Front 20

CSF passes outside of the brain through three openings

Back 20

foramen of Magendie
and two lateral foramena of Luschka

Front 21

an obstruction of CSF causes

Back 21

hydrocephalus

Front 22

Epidural hemorrhage can result from a

Back 22

skull fracture

Front 23

subdural hemorrhage can result from

Back 23

tearing the bridging veins that connect the brain and dural sinuses

Front 24

the internal capsule is a funnel of motor and sensory fibers that converge upon the brain stem from where

Back 24

cerebral cortex

Front 25

a lesion in the spinothalamic tract results

Back 25

in the loss of pain temperature sensation contralaterally

Front 26

a lesion in the sensory area of the cerebral cortex may result in

Back 26

contralateral deficit of all the above sensory modalities.

Front 27

cerebellar lesions tend to produce

Back 27

ataxia and stumbling on same side of lesion in hemisphere, lesion in vermis associated with trunk/ postural dysfunction

Front 28

cerebral lesions result in

Back 28

contralateral deficits

Front 29

upper motor neuron defects (ones that connect the cerebral cortex and anterior horn)

Back 29

spastic paralysis, no significant muscle atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations not present, hyperreflexia, Babinski reflex may be present

Front 30

Lower motor neuron defect (beyond the level of UMN, and peripheral nerve neurons)

Back 30

flaccid paralysis, significant atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations present, hyporeflexia, Babinski reflex not present

Front 31

Cranial Nerve 7 or facial

Back 31

cries when sad, spits when angry
(lacrimates and salivates)

master of facial expression

Front 32

in an upper motor neuronal lesion only the area of the face below the eyes is paralyzed because of

Back 32

bilateral innervation of the upper face by both hemispheres

Front 33

Bell's palsy (nerve 7 palsy of unknown etiology) results in

Back 33

difficulty closing the eye
may result in "crocodile tears', with patient having tears when eating

Front 34

pseudobulbar palsy

Back 34

difficulty with facial expression, motion of tongue, chewing, swallowing, speech and breathing, inappropriate laughing and crying.

Front 35

lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus bilaterally would produce

Back 35

decreased ability for eyes to look medially

Front 36

a repetitive, tremor-like oscillating movement of the eyes

Back 36

nystagmus

Front 37

Vertical Nystagmus is always abnormal and signals a disturbance in

Back 37

brain stem function

Front 38

Doll's eye Phenomenon

Back 38

turn head suddenly the eyes lag behind in normal individuals with no brain stem damage

Front 39

master control for the autonomic system

Back 39

hypothalamus
appetite, body temperature, sexual functioning

Front 40

This circuit is believed to be involved in the emotional content of conscious thought

Back 40

Papez Circuit

Front 41

Papez Circuit provides intercommunicaiton with these structures

Back 41

hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex

Front 42

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 42

occurs in alcoholics, memory loss, confusion and confabulation associated with lesions in the mammillary bodies and associated areas

Front 43

a region of the brain that is a sensory relay and integrative center connecting the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and brain stem

Back 43

thalamus

Front 44

thalamic pain syndrome

Back 44

vague sense of pain without localizing it

Front 45

cerebellar disorders have which symptoms

Back 45

ataxia: awkward posture and gait, fall to the same side of lesion, poor coordination, dysmetria which is overshooting your reach and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to do rapid alternating movements)

Front 46

These symptoms implicate which brain region...
decreased tendon reflexes, asthenia and tremor

Back 46

cerebellar region

Front 47

The following disorders (Parkinsonism, Chorea, Athetosis and Hemiballismus) affect which brain region:

Back 47

Basal Ganglia Disorders

Front 48

Parkinsonism

Back 48

rigidity, slowness, resting tremor, shuffling gait, mask-like facies, associated with degeneration of basal ganglia and substantia nigra, associated with low dopamine levels

Front 49

Chorea

Back 49

sudden jerky and purposeless movements such as Huntington's chorea (inherited disorder) or Sydenham's chorea (after rheumatic fever)

Front 50

Athetosis

Back 50

slow writhing, snake-like movements, especially of the fingers and wrists, often present in diseases of the basal ganglia, distal limbs more affected, associated with MR

Front 51

Hemiballismus

Back 51

a sudden wild flail-like movement of one arm

Front 52

CN 10 lesion may result in

Back 52

hoarseness

Front 53

CN 10, 12 or 7

Back 53

may have difficulty with the KLM sounds "Kuh" and "La", and "MI"

Front 54

agnosias

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impaired recognition of previously meaningful stimuli, the most common agnosias are visual and auditory

Front 55

apraxias

Back 55

complex cerebral motor disabilties

Front 56

aphasias

Back 56

language dysfunction

Front 57

lesions in the dominant hemisphere, anterior region near the motor cortex result in what kind of aphasia

Back 57

expressive aphasia

Front 58

posterior lesions near the auditory cortex

Back 58

receptive aphasia,
inability to understand speech

Front 59

Horner's syndrome

Back 59

pupillary constriction, slight ptosis and decreased sweating resulting from interruption of the sympathetic pathways to the eye.

Front 60

uncus

Back 60

portion of the temporal lobe concerned with sense of smell, Epileptic seizures in this area are acccompanied by unpleasant smells