Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phrenology
|
Study of attributing specific experiential functions to the brain
Neglects subcortical structures, anatomy, biology etc |
|
Psychiatry
|
Psych: soul (literally last exhalation before death)
-iatry: discipline of treating/healing |
|
Body-Mind Dualism
|
Mind structures determine body functoin (automatron, Descartes thought soul in pineal gland)
|
|
Functional vs Organic
|
Functional - problem has nothing physiologically abnormal which can be found (no apparent lesion)
Organic - IDENTIFIABLE chronic physiological abnormality (lesion) |
|
Phantom Limb cause
|
Used to think functional problem due to things like grief
NOW know organic cause is SENSORY cortex that used to process the limb is now being laterally stimulated by the surrounding cortex |
|
Wilder Penfield contribution
|
Electrically stimulated epileptic patients' brains to map human cortex
Homonculus, Superior temporal lobe (SOUND of familiar voices, music, memories) |
|
Depression electrostim treatment
|
Brodmann's 25
NOT phrenology, anatomy is mapped |
|
Diseases that electrostim can treat
|
Parkinson's (STN)
OCD Depression |
|
How to distinguish hysterical pts vs faking with functional explanations
|
fMRI to show lightup in brain
|
|
What are "therapy" options for psychotherapy
|
give a drug
administer talking therapy give up and recommend |
|
OCD, Presentation, Anatomy change, Pathophysiology, treatment
|
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Presentation: stuck thinking about one thing or only a limited number of things Anatomy: HYPERACTIVITY in the orbital-frontal cortex, ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), medial thalamus, and cingulate gyrus Pathophysiology: Changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate Treatment: SSRIs, exposure therapy (normalizes functional changes in brain areas). Exposure therapy just as good as medicine in terms of resolving functional errors in brain |
|
Psychiatry vs Phrenology view on functional distribution in brain
|
Phrenology - ONE specific location for each function = wrong
Psychiatry - DISTRIBUTED functional network, no function solely in one part of brain and no one part of brain solely responsible for one function |
|
Direct vs Indirect path basal ganglia
|
Direct - Cortex to (+) Striatum (D1 for SNpc) to (-) Medial globus pallidus and SNpr to (-) thalamus to (+) cortex - promotes movement
Indirect - Cortex to (+) Striatum (D2 for SNpc) to (-) Lateral Globus Pallidus to (-) STN to (+) Medial globus pallidus and SNpr to (-) thalamus to (+) cortex - inhibits movement |
|
Drugs extracted from plant alkaloids
|
tobacco, coffee, cocaine
|
|
Serendipity and drug discovery
|
Discovering something by accident that were prepared to discover
ex. iproniazid, TB pts got happy which was a desired effect. usually a drug for something else discovering can be used for a desired therapy |
|
Psychosis symptoms often from ?, how do most anti-psychotic drugs work
|
Most symptoms from NMDA receptor blocking (PCP, ketamine, other drugs do this0
MOST drugs are D2 blockers, potency related to ability to occupy receptor at low concentration |
|
NMDA receptor structure, blockers, facilitators
|
4 subunits each with 4 transmembrane domains. Domain 2 forms the ion channel
Allows Na and Ca ion pasage Normally glutamate binds and opens, Mg++ plugs. AMPA co activation (or other cell depolarization) leads to change in membrane potential in depolarization, Mg++ explusion and ion transfer Blockers: PCP, keatamine, other drugs Facilitators: glycine |
|
Dopamine receptor types
|
D1/D5 - ACTIVATE Adenylate Cyclase
D2/D3/D4 - INHIBIT adenylate cyclase |
|
Gross anatomy use in psychiatry
|
NONE, what matters is inter-neuronal organization, what's connected to what and in what way
|
|
Dopamine supply to forebrain
|
Ventral tegmental area to diencephalon and telencephalon
|
|
Big Three monoamine neurotransmitters, general role, projection, function
|
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin
Generally ACTIVATING - mode/behavior is elevated (but not necessarily good since may be hypervigilant) Low levels of any lead to lowered level of function Projections: OVERLAPPING targets, work in concert Function: "virtually hormonal" - no well-formed post synaptic apparatus but instead NT is exocytosed into interstitum to diffuse around DIFFUSE effects as opposed to specific information (Glutamate or GABA) |
|
VTA and LC projections
|
Ventral Tegmental Area - nucleus accumbens. Also PFC, CPu
Locus Coeruleus - Raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area |
|
Depression body language
|
leaning, head propped, mouth turned down, eyebrows arched
|
|
Serotonergic system
|
B7 (dorsal raphe) and B9 (ventral raphe) project throughout entire forebrain
|
|
Addiction hallmark, why do people get addicted, anatomically significant areas
|
NOT physical dependence but OBSESSIVE CONCERN for substance
Replaces normal reinforcers people respond to with a single or narrower range of reinforcers which gain an importance at the expense of other reinforcers get addicted because good effects are immediate, bad effects are insidious and can be adjusted too at first, then it's too late Anatomy: VTA, nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, function as a group and are interrelated VTA activity leads to nucleus accumbens Dopamine release implicated in stimulus salience (cue salience - brain more likely to pick out this stimulus above all others) |
|
Law of Positive Differential and Drug self-administration
|
People will self-administer a drug if:
a) Bad before, makes them feel better after taking b) OK before, GREAT after In both cases feel worse after it wears off than before they started (contrast effect) leading to subsequent drug use |
|
Craving and Relapse Drivers, Problems
|
Drivers - Drive, cue, cue salience, secondary reinforcement, urge, discriminative stimulus, incentive motivation, "temptation"
Getting pts to stop is hard, but not relapse is the hardest |
|
Occasions of sin
|
catholic catechism
Environments in which a particular sin exists and by merely being in that environment more likely to sin (ie Las Vegas) |
|
Cue as a reward, incentive motivation
|
Over time in addiction the cue (predictor) of whatever substance one is addicted to becomes a reward in itself
Actually the amount of release/high is closer to cues predictive value ie. red light = alcohol, blue light doesnt in mice, mice get high from just the red light after addiction In humans this cue salience & incentive motivation can come from paraphenalia, advertisements, seeing products, etc. |
|
Placebo effect is greatest for which psychiatric disorder
|
DEPRESSION
doctor white coats, stethoscopes, etc are cues to pt that they will be helped. the anticipated effect of a drug has a healing value. In fMRI same brain areas may light up or decrease with similar functional changes May not start in same areas but effected areas or downstream areas may all be targeted Subgenual cingulate is theorized to be tie in location with similar but not identical metabolic effects for drugs and placebo |
|
Bipolar disorder difference in wax/wane, Drugs
|
All depression is wax/wane but when bipolar patients feel better they feel great in early clinical course
Drugs: Lithium - targets GSK 3 (phosphorylates and dephosphorylates stuff) Anti-convulsants (Carbamazepine) |
|
Oxytocin and Affiliation
|
Voles that are monogamous vs promiscuous linked to oxytocin and vacopressin tone in ventral pallidum
HIGH tone = monogamous and social Low tone = promiscuous and antisocial SOLELY based on oxytocin, more complicated in humans There was a molecular switch pre-wired in brain that can be switched on and off |