Neuro Week 1

Front 1

Pattern of degeneration for an axon

Back 1

Starts proximal to injury and spreads distally(anterogradely/Wallerian)

2-1

Front 2

First morphological change in neural injury

Back 2

Swelling and fragmentation of neurofilaments and accumulation of mitochondria at nodes of Ranvier

followed by axonal swelling due to water uptake and mitochondrial breakdown. This is then followed by separation of myelin lamellae and fragmentation of myelin sheath.

2-1

Front 3

Factors determining neurohistologic changes in degenerating axon

Back 3

age, axon size, lesion type

2-1

Front 4

Perikaryal response to axonal injury is called? Dependent on?

Back 4

Axon reaction and depends on location and type of injury.

2-2

Front 5

Morphological changes following axotomy...

Back 5

1.) Increase in cell body size due to water uptake

2.) eccentric nucleus

3.) Chromatolysis - loss of basophilic staining of Nissl substance

4.) Increase nucleolus size

5.) Synapses on axotomized neurons withdraw their contact from the soma/dendrites and glial processes become interposed between the boutons and the neuronal surface.

2-2

Front 6

Type I Synapse

Back 6

AKA Asymmetrical synapse

excitatory, wide synaptic cleft(300 A), large active zone(1-2 um^2), round vesicles, a thick postsynaptic density and substantial dense material in the synaptic cleft. uses glutamic acid

3-1

Front 7

Type II Synapse

Back 7

AKA Symmetrical Synapse

inhibitory, narrower synaptic cleft(200 A), smaller active zone(less than 1 um^2), flattened vesicles, pre and postsynaptic membranes of more nearly equivaleent thickness and less dense material in the cleft. GABA-ergic
3-1

Front 8

Dale's Law

Back 8

Whatever combination of transmitters/modulators used by a neuron, the same ones will be present in all of its synapses

3-2

Front 9

The post synaptic receptors will always perfectly match the presynaptic neurotransmitters released. (T/F)

Back 9

False, frequent examples of receptor-transmitter mismatch appear in the body, possible explanation is extrasynaptic receptors.

3-2

Front 10

Which neurotransmitters are mentioned that can be both ionotropic and metabotropic?

Back 10

GABA, Ach

3-2

Front 11

Electrical Synapse

Back 11

Close membrane apposition(3.5nm), channels carry most ions and small molecules, post-synaptic response has same polarity but smaller, bidirectional and FAST communication(<0.1ms delay), enables synchronization of many coupled neurons

3-4

Front 12

Chemical Synapses

Back 12

Wide Cleft(20-40nm), post-synaptic response differs in time and polarity, unidirectional and SLOW communication(>1 ms delay), amplifies or diminishes signal, strength of transmitted signal may be modifiable

3-4

Front 13

Time sequence of Chemical Synapse

Back 13

1.) Creation/filling of neurotransmitter vesicles
2.) action potential invades presynaptic terminal
3.) depolarization leads to Ca+2 influx
4.) Ca+2 mediated vesicle fusion
5.) NT release
6.) NT diffusion
7.) NT diffusion, NT reuptake or degradation

3-4

Front 14

Methods of amplification by chemical synapse

Back 14

ionotropic - one transmitter opens pore to MANY IONS

metabotropic - each transmitter molecule activates MANY G-protein molecules, each G-protein molecule activates MANY effector enzymes, each enzyme molecule catalyzes MANY 2nd messengers, each enzyme opens pores to MANY ions.

3-4

Front 15

PSC vs PSP

Back 15

post synaptic current charges the membrane to create a Post synaptic potential

3-5

Front 16

Excitatory currents/potentials vs inhibitory

Back 16

excitatory tends to be influx of sodium, inhibitory tends to be influx of Cl- or K+ efflux

3-5

Front 17

PSP(C) reversal potential

Back 17

the membrane potential at which there is no net transmembrane current flow

3-5

Front 18

Synaptic Transmission - molecular level

Back 18

ion channels, NT receptors, auxiliary intra-membranes and cytoplasmic molecules that couple NT receptors to intracellular effectors, Reuptake molecules, NT enzymes

3-6

Front 19

Synaptic Transmission - cellular level

Back 19

Which specific neurons and which of their most proximal synaptic connections may mediate a behavior or the behavioral effects of a given drug

3-6

Front 20

Synaptic Transmission - systems level

Back 20

link the neurons that make and release a NT into synaptic junctions to the possible effects of this release at the behavioral level

3-6

Front 21

Synaptic Transmission - behavioral level

Back 21

integrate neurons with the physiological expression of a learned, reflexive or spontaneously generated behavioral response

3-6

Front 22

3 Major Categories of Neurologic Symptoms

Back 22

Cognition, Locomotion, Sensation

4-2

Front 23

Cardinal Manifestations of Neurologic Disease

Back 23

1.) Alterations in Consciousness
2.) Abnormalities of Intellect and Behavior
3.) Impaired Motility
4.) Disorders of Stance and Gait
5.) Pain
6.) Disorders of Special Senses
7.) Abnormal Eye Movements and Pupillary Reactions
8.) Changes in Sleep
9.) Autonomic Disorders

4-4

Front 24

Alterations in Consciousness can be caused by...

Back 24

reduction in blood flow leading to syncope, neuronal discharge usually manifested by seizure, protracted alteration in the metabolic function of the RAS and/or its cerebral connections leads to altered consciousness that ranges from lethary to stupor to coma.

4-4

Front 25

Abnormalities of Intellect and Behavior can be caused by...

Back 25

reflects both diffuse and focal disease in the cerebral cortex. Examples include irritability of hypoxia, apathy of dementia, etc.

4-4

Front 26

Autonomic Disorders manifest what type of symptoms?

Back 26

inability to regulate blood pressure, maintain bladder control, erectile dysfunction, regulate water metabolism or appetite

4-5

Front 27

List Major points of Neurological Exam

Back 27

1.) Mental Status and Higher Cerebral Function
2.) Cranial Nerves
3.) Motor
4.) Sensation
5.) Coordination
6.) Reflexes
7.) Autonomic Function
8.) Head, Neck and Spine
9.) Palpable or Tender peripheral nerves

Front 28

Back 28

Lecture 5

Front 29

innervation of Deltoid

Back 29

C5*, C6

Lecture 5

Front 30

Innervation of Bicep

Back 30

C5,C6*

Lecture 5

Front 31

Innervation of Triceps

Back 31

C6,C7*,C8

Lecture 5

Front 32

Innervation of Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Back 32

C7,C8*,T1

Lecture 5

Front 33

Innervation of Thenar, Hypothenar, Interossei

Back 33

C8,T1*

Lecture 5

Front 34

Crossed neuronal deficit(contralateral facial deficit, ipsilateral corporeal deficit) is usually indicative of damage in what area?

Back 34

The midbrain/brain stem area.

Lecture 4

Front 35

Which is the only lower motor neuron which innervates a contralateral muscle?

Back 35

The trochlear motor nucleus at the caudal midbrain

Lecture 5

Front 36

Muscle spindles sense...

Back 36

an increase in muscle length

Lecture 5

Front 37

golgi tendon organs sense...

Back 37

a decrease in muscle length. Or muscle shortening.

Lecture 5