Neuro - Unit 1 - Synaptic Transmission

Front 1

Gap junctions are particularly common among what cells of the nervous system?

Back 1

astrocytes

Front 2

Name for a compartment around and within groups of neurons

Back 2

Functional syncytium

Front 3

Role of astrocytes in regulation of the extracellular space environment

Back 3

Removal of excess K+
pH regulation
Ca++ waves within the astrocyte

Front 4

Small, clear vesicles contain which neurotransmitters?

Back 4

Small weight amino acids (glutamate, GABA)
Ach

Front 5

Histological difference between vesicles containing GABA and glutamate

Back 5

GABA - Flattened, clear vesicles
Glutamate - Spherical, clear vesicles

Front 6

Small to medium sized vesicles contain which neurotransmitters?

Back 6

biogenic amines (catecholemines, serotonin)

Front 7

Large, spherical, dense-core vesicles contain which neurotransmitters?

Back 7

neuropeptides (Substance P, Enk)

Front 8

The synaptic gap substance is composed of:

Back 8

Mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins

Front 9

Three common types of synaptic linkages in the CNS

Back 9

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

Front 10

Axoaxonic linkages primarily control what?

Back 10

Neurotransmitter release

Front 11

The sequence of chemical neurotransmission

Back 11

Secretory vesicle synthesis
Depolarization of the terminal (opening of Ca channels)
Binding of transmitter to receptor
Transduction of the signal by postsynaptic cell
Reuptake/degradation of neurotransmitter

Front 12

During calcium influx, this vesicle bound protein acts as a positive regulator of neurotransmitter release, promoting vesicle fusion and exocytosis.

Back 12

Synaptotagmin

Front 13

Two soluble cytoplasmic proteins that disassemble the stable SNARE complex

Back 13

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF)
soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP)

Front 14

Two primary mechanisms for neurotransmitter removal from the synaptic cleft.

Back 14

Inactivation
Reuptake

Front 15

Speed at which voltage changes across the membrane is determined by its:

Back 15

Capacitance and resistance

Front 16

This ration determines the distance that change in membrane potential is passively transmitted

Back 16

Rm/Ri

Front 17

Process whereby consecutive synaptic potentials at the same site add together

Back 17

Temporal summation

Front 18

Process whereby synaptic potentials from different inputs in same area summate.

Back 18

Spatial summation

Front 19

The most prevalent fast excitatory transmitter in the CNS.

Back 19

Glutamate

Front 20

Glutamate is derived from _________

Back 20

a-ketoglutarate

Front 21

How is glutamate cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Back 21

Direct reuptake
Astrocyte transporters

Converted to glutamine and transported back to the terminal

Front 22

Glutamate and its receptors play a significant role in:

Back 22

Learning and memory

Front 23

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Back 23

GABA

Front 24

GABA is synthesized from _________ by __________.

Back 24

Glutamate
glutamic acid decarboxylase

Front 25

GABA receptors are usually linked to ________ channels

Back 25

Chloride ion

Front 26

Inhibitory neurotransmitter primarily found in the brainstem and spinal cord

Back 26

Glycine

Front 27

Glycine can be derived directly from the diet or it can be synthesized from:

Back 27

Serine

Front 28

Acetylcholine is synthesized from ________ by ________.

Back 28

Choline and acetyl coenzyme A
choline acetylase

Front 29

Method of clearing of ACh from the synaptic cleft

Back 29

Broken down by acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetic acid. Both components are recycled.

Front 30

Catecholamines include:

Back 30

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

Front 31

Catecholamines are derived from:

Back 31

Tyrosine

Front 32

Pathway and enzymes of catecholamines

Back 32

Tyrosine (amino acid hydrolase)
DOPA (dopa decarboxylase)
Dopamine (dopamine b-hydroxylase)
Norepi (phentolamine N- methytransferase)
Epi

Front 33

The major enzymes involved in inactivation and recycling of catecholemines

Back 33

catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) on the post synaptic membrane

monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the presynaptic terminal cytoplasm.

Front 34

Serotonin is synthesized from:

Back 34

Tryptophan

Front 35

Functions of serotonin

Back 35

Sleep/wake cycles
Emotional behavioral states
Prominent component of platelets

Front 36

Enzyme responsible for the breakdown of serotonin in the synaptic cleft

Back 36

monoamine oxidase

Front 37

Action of many antidepressants related to serotonin

Back 37

Inibition of monoamine oxidases (MAOI) or inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (SSRI’s).

Front 38

Histamine is associated with what CNS functions?

Back 38

sleep/wake cycles
Maintenance of a concious state

Front 39

Enzymes responsible for breakdown of histamine

Back 39

N methyltransferase
diamine oxidase

Front 40

The more prominent neuropeptides

Back 40

Substance P
b-endorphin
enkephalins
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Front 41

The main purine neurotransmitters

Back 41

ATP
Adenosine

Front 42

ATP is often a co-transmitter packaged with other neurotransmitters, particularlly:

Back 42

Noradrenaline
Neuropeptide Y

Front 43

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are always ___________ channels.

Back 43

Sodium

Front 44

Pentameric channels are ligand-gated ion channels that allow cells to become permeable to what ions?

Back 44

Na+
Ca2+

Front 45

GABAa ligand gated ionotropic receptors are a ___ channel

Back 45

Cl-

Front 46

4 main types of phosphatases

Back 46

PP1
PP2A
PP2B (calcineurin)
PP2C

Front 47

In AMPA receptor regulation, high frequency stimulation (HFS) leads to ______ while low frequency stimulation (LFS) leads to ______.

Back 47

Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Long-term depression (LTD)

Front 48

Dephosphorylation of AMPA receptor.

Back 48

Disassociation and internalization of the receptor from the membrane

Front 49

Metabotropic receptors (directly|indirectly) alter ion conductance and neuron excitability.

Back 49

Indirectly

Front 50

Main effectors and receptors for alpha-s g-protein subtype.

Back 50

Effectors:
Increased cAMP

Receptors:
B1, B2
Glucagon receptor

Front 51

Main effectors and receptors for alpha-i g-protein subtype.

Back 51

Effectors:
Decreased cAMP

Receptors:
A2
uOR

Front 52

Main effectors and receptors for alpha-q/11 g-protein subtype.

Back 52

Effectors:
Increased PLC, PKC, IP3, Ca2+

Receptors:
A1
Angiotensin

Front 53

Effects of phosphodiesterases

Back 53

Convert cAMP to 5'-AMP

This prevents cAMP from activating PKA

Front 54

Chain of events that occurs after activation of Gq.

Back 54

PLC activated
PLC releases DAG and IP3 from PIP2
IP3 releases Ca2+ from ER
Ca and DAG activate PKC

Front 55

Phosphorylation of CRED does what?

Back 55

Increases transcription of specific genes and changes the function of the cell

Front 56

Protein involved in desensitization that is responsible for internalization of the receptor.

Back 56

Beta arrestin (b-arr)

Front 57

Sensitization through long term treatment with an antagonist is called:

Back 57

Receptor blockade

Front 58

3 domains of intracellular receptors

Back 58

Hormone binding domain
DNA binding domain
Transcription activating domain