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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Location of Broca's Area |
Left frontal lobe |
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Symptoms of damage to Broca's area |
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Broca's Aphasia |
- Easier to say some words than others - Function words largely left out, ie- a, the, in, some,etc. - mostly speak using content words, nouns, verbs,etc. -comprehend speech much better than can produce it - damage to area does not specifically cause it, the surrounding area must be damanged as well |
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3 major speech deficits of Broca's Area |
- Agrammatism -Anomia - Articulation difficulties |
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Agrammatism |
- difficulty in using grammatical constructions - lack of funciton words lack of use of endings - use- ing for some reason problems with word order |
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anomia |
- word finding difficulty - primary symptom of all types of aphasia - becomes apparent when listening to them that they are having tremendous difficulty finding the right words to say |
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Articulation Difficulty |
- mispronounciation of words, altering the sequence of sound - ie- lipstick is said as likstip - recognizes the mistake and tries to correct it |
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Location of Wernick's Area |
left temporal lobe |
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Speech comprehension |
- involves wernick's area and posterior language area - neural circuits in the middle and posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere - portion of auditory association cortex |
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Wernick's Aphasia |
- poor speech comprehension and the production of meaningless words - speak fluently, not searching for words - use tonal inflection - just makes no sense - word salad - they are not aware of their deficit- speak conversationally |
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Defecits in Wernick's Aphasia |
- recognition of spoken words - comprehension of the meaning of words - ability to convert words into thoughts
- these can exist indepedently from each other |
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Pure Word Deafness |
- can hear speech but cannot comprehend it - caused by damage to W's area or disruption of auditory input to WA - can still comprehend lip reading, writing, and can speak and write fluently themselves - PLA not affected |
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Transcortical sensory aphasia |
- failure to comprehend meaning of words and inability to speak meaningfully - caused by damage to posterior language area (PLA) - can repeat words but cannot speak meaningfully - can recognize words to repeat but cannot comprehend them - Just the PLA affected |
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Verbal Information |
- WA = recognition - PLA = comprehension - BA = production |
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Conduction Aphasia |
- damage to arcuate fasciculus - can repeat words only if words have meaning - ie, can repeat bicycle but not rilld. - can repeat words with meaning because the connection between WA and BA is intact |
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reading/writing w/ BA and WA |
- BA = comprehend reading but cannot read aloud - WA = difficulty reading/writing |
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Pure Alexia |
- pure word blindness - could still write, but lost the ability to read - damage to visual cortex of left occipital lobe and posterior end of corpus callosum - could not read what you just wrote |
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UNderstanding reading |
- reading involves: whole word recognition & sounding out letters |
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Surface Dyslexia |
- deficit of whole- word reading,c aused by lesion of left lateral temporal lobe - have to sound out words all the time |
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Phonological Dyslexia |
- can read by whole word method but not sound out words - can read words they already know - hard time with new words - damage to left frontal lobe - suggests that whole word and sounding out words have different brain areas involved |
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Direct Dyslexia |
- able to read aloud even though they cannot understand what they are saying - damage to left frontal and temporal lobes |
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phonological dysgraphia |
- unable to sound out words and write them phonetically - cannot write unfamiliar words or pronouncable nonwords - can imagine families words and write them |
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Orthopgraphic dysgraphia |
- disorder of visual based writing - can only sound out words, so they have trouble with irregularly spelled words
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Developmental Dyslexia |
- reading difficulty that develops over time, not as a result of brain damage
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Tumor |
- mass of cells whore growth is uncontrolled - malignent= cancerous, rapid growth - benign = harmless - distinction is whether the tumor is encapsalated - when a tumor metastases it sheds cells which can travel through the blood stream and cause tumors to grow elsewhere in the body |
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Tumors cause brain damage by... |
- either compressing the brain of infiltrating the brain - can directly kill brain tissue or block the flow of CSF
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Tumors & neurons |
- tumors arise from tissue OTHER than neurons, as neurons cannot be divided - Gliomas - tumor derives from glial cells - meningiomas - tumors derived from the meninges |
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seizure |
- seizure - period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons - can cause convulsions if they involve the motor system - most seizures do not cause convulsions |
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Partial Seizure |
- have definite focus, source of irritation, usually scar tissue - neurons involved are restricted to small portion of the brain - simple seizure causes changes in consciousness but not loss of consciousness -complex seizure results in loss of consciousness |
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generalized seizure |
- widespread, involves most of the brain - sometimes from a focus or origin unknown |
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grand mal seizure |
- generalized, includes convulsions - prior to onset, see an aura - Tonic Phase - muscle contraction to rigidity (15 sec) - Clonic Phase - muscles trembling and convulsing - exhausted, sleep afterwords |
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Brain recording during grand mal |
- neural firing beging at aura - spread to other areas of the brain - feedback promotes continued activation - inhibitory messages begin until it finally wins out and stops the seizure
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Seizures in children |
- tend to have spells of absence - generlized - stop what they are doing and stare into space - blinking eyes repeatedly (petit mal seizure) |
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seizure damage |
- excess release of glutamate during seizure - causes include; old injury, stroke, tumor, drugs, infections that cause fever |
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seizure treatment |
- anti-convulsant drugs - brain surgery |
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obstructive Strokes |
thrombus embolus |
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thrombus |
- blood clot where walls of arteries already damaged - can become so large it shut off the blood vessel - blood thinners help prevent this |
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Embolus |
- piece of material forms in one part of the system and breaks off, carried until it reaches a spot to small to pass through - material can consist of bacterial substance from infection |
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2 major types of stroke |
- hemorrhagic strokes - caused by bleeding in the brain, malformed blood vessel of hypertension - obstructive strokes - plug up a blood vessel |
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ischemia |
loss of blood to an area |
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What causes neurons to die? |
- immediate cause is to much glutamate =Na-K pump shuts off, Na slowly comes into the cell through channels, no pump to balance it out |
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Treatment of strokes |
- drugs that dissolve blood clots - cell death prevented by: anti-inflammatory drugs that block glutamate, chemicals that bind free radicals & inactivate them, drugs that stimulate inhibitory GABA receptors |
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Developmental Disorders |
- exposure to toxic chemicals - viruses, drugs, toxins in the enviornment - inherited metabolic disorders - down's syndrome |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
- facial abnormalities, defective limbs, lower IQ, mental handicap - can include seizures, vision problems, behavioral disorders - widely distributed neuronal loss through apoptosis, triggers excess cell death. |
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How does alcohol mess up the brain |
- disrupts neural adhesion protein, guides the growth of neurons in the developing brain - lowers long term potentiation -single alcoholic binge during pregnancy can cause this |
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metabolic disorders |
- errors in enzymes - at least 100 different disorders |
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Tay-Sachs |
- causes brain to swell and damage itself against skull - waste products cannot be destroyed due to missing enzymes - causes listlessness, irritiability, seizures, dementia and death |
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Down Syndrome |
- round face, flat skull, extra fold over eyelids, mental retardation - extra copy of C21 - 1 in 1000 births - women between ages 16-34 less likely to have a DS child - brain 10% lighter, hills and valleys not as deep -brain begins to degenerate after 30 |
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transmissible spongiform encephalopathies |
- contagious brain disease - makes the brain swiss cheese like |
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causes of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies |
- prions- simple proteins found in membrain of neurons, these proteins are folded incorrectly and converting them causes the disease
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Parkinson's |
- Characterized by tremor and bent posture - as disease progressed, increasing difficulty in VOLUNTARY movement - inhibition of voluntary movement - starts slowly - early on, slight tremors, fullblown, extreme motor disturbances - not sure it it contributes to mortality
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Symptoms of Parkinsons |
- trmeor in extremities during inactivity - muscle rigidity -involuntary movements - slowness of movement - initiating and ceasing - asbsense of facial expression - difficulty in maintaining normal posture -varying degrees of cognitive impairments - 40% of PD patiesnts have depression |
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Parkinson's and Dopamine |
-psychiatric patients given reserpine as anti-psychotic, developed PD syndrome - striatum is normally high in dopamine, reserpine deletes dopamine - PD patients have severly depleted dopamine in striatum - 1st clinical disorder attributed to single neurotransmitters |
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What causes the death of dopamine cells in PD patients? |
- genetic component, - enviornmental toxins |
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Parkinson's and L-DOPA |
- Parkinson's patients given LDOPA - symptoms greatly reduced, but effect is temp. - treats symptoms but not cell death - needs higher and higher dose, eventually becoming ineffective |
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Animal model for Parkinson's |
- LDOPA reversed effects - transplanted fetal substantia nigra tissue in basal ganglia, the fetal tissue developes to release dopamine |
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huntington's |
- Degeneration of caudate nucleus and putamen - removes some inhibitory effect on premotor and other motor areas - progressive disease, leads to death - hereditary, caused by gene on C4 - minfestsin 30's to 40's - no treatment
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Alzheimer's |
-age related - symptoms worsen as disease progresses
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Alzheimer's Stage 1 |
- short- term memory deficits - impairment in cognitive ability
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Alzheimer's stage 2 |
- continuous decline in cognitive functioning - impairment in speaking/writing - inability to comprehend sensory stimuli - disorientation in time/place - personality changes - aggressiveness or wondering |
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Alzheimer's Stage 3 |
- complete dementia - withdrawn and unresponsive - bedridden - incontinent and unable to care for themselves - cannot remember loved ones |
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Neuropathology of Alzheimer's |
- loss of ACh innervation to cerebral cortex, magnitude related to deterioration - gyri shrink, sulci widen, ventricles enlarge, atrophy of hippocampus and cortex - atrophy results from cell death and decrease in connectivity in brain
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Defining Neurological characteristics of Alzheimers |
- Neurofibrillary tangles - neurotic plaques- degenerating axon terminals and dendrites and an accumulation of abnormally long protein called B-amyloid |
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Alzheimer's and pathways |
- alzheimer's results in the destructions of pathways into and out of the hippocampus |
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Possible causes of Alzheimers |
- some forms run in families, Familial Alzheimer's Disease - amyloid plaques also found in brains of Down's Syndrome - C21 contains gene that produces the precurse to the amyloid protein Head injury - infection -Drugs and alchohol - exposure to toxins |
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Alzheimer's Treatments
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- production of antibodies to amyloid, slowed progression - injection of antigen |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
-autoimmune demyelinating disease - myelin sheaths are attacked, leaving behind sclerotic plaques -normal transmission is interuppted - affects women more than men, onset late 20s early 30s - possible related to contracting a virus |
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treatment of multiple sclerosis |
drugs that regulate the immune system, only partially effective
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encephalitis |
- infection that invades entire brain - most common is virus transmitted by mosquitos - fever, irritabliity, nausea, convulsions, delirium, brain damage - no specific treatment, death in 5-20% of cases |
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polio |
causes damage to motor neurons |
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rabies |
- fever and headache, followed by anxiety, excessive movement and talking, difficulty swallowing, movement disorders, difficulty speaking, seizures, confusion, death, all within 2-7 days. - specifically attackscerebellum & hippocampus - has incubation period during which you can receive vax |
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AIDS |
- 75% of those who have died from aids had brain damage - may result from excess Ca++ in neurons - infected astrocytes and white blood cells may cause Ca++ influx - these cells excrete glutamate to activate NMDA receptors |
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Meningitis |
- headache, stiff neck, possible convulsions, confusion, loss of consciousness and soemtimes death - most common is viral, no brain damage - bacterial is the danger |
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Schizophrenia |
- means "split mind" but not multiple personalities - indicates a break with reality positive & negative symptoms |
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positive symptoms of Sch |
-addition of abnormal behavior - Thought disorders- disorganized, irrational, incoherent thinking - auditory hallucinations -visual hallucinations - delusions ( being controlled, grandeur, persecution) - may resylt from excess DA in limbic system or excess sensitivity in DA
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negative symptoms of Sch |
- absence of normal behavior - innaproppriate affect - social withdrawl - poverty of speech and content - apathy - attention impairment - damage to prefrontal cortex |
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neurological basis for Sch
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- positive symptoms- biochemical disorder - negative symptoms - brain damage |
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Dopamine Hypothesis |
- overactivity of dopamine synapses and D2 receptors - clozapine - blocks D1, D4, and several serotonin receptor subtypes, reduces Sch symptoms but does not cause Parkinson like symptoms |
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causes of Sch |
- not clear - incidence related to family factors, genetic componets - seasonality effect ( jan - may), more after flu outbreak - best predictor is interaction between genes AND enviornment
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Bipolar (manic depressive) |
- alternating states of mania and depression - BP I - full blown manic episodes - BP II - subdued manic episodes - early onset (teens)
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Unipolar ( major depression) |
- depression without mania - late onsset |
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Depressive symptoms |
- feeling of extreme unworthiness and guilt - self critical, pessimistic about future - suicidal thoughts/tendencies - unable to experience pleasure, loss of interest in food/sex - bodily functions depressed - very little energy - sleep disturbances |
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manic symptoms
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- sense of euphoria - nonstop speech and motor activity - have delusions - full of their own importance - go for long periods without sleep - work furiously on projects that are unrealistic |
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treatment for unipolar |
- MAOI inhibitors -reuptake inhibitors of Ne and 5HT -electroconvulsive therapy -sleep deprevation |
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treatment for bipolar |
- lithium - anticonvulsant drugs |
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causes of affective disorders |
- genetics make a person predisposed or more susceptible - genes may regulate monoaminergic system or brain function - hormonal flucuations may influence the serotonergic system - bio factors may not be the only factor though. |
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Generlized anxiety disorder |
- continually uneasy and tense - mostly women - anxiety is freef loating with no clear cause |
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phobias |
- irrational fear of specific objet - common - sometimes debilitating -sometimes can be avoided |
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Panic disorder |
- sudden episodes of intense dread - strikes suddenly then disappears - may be misperceived as a heart attack - shortness of breath, clammy sweat, irregular heartbeat, faintness, feeling like you are going to die - between attacks people suffer anticipatory anxiety |
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possible causes of panic disorder |
- hereditory - association with double joints - C15 appears to be the culprit - prefrontal cortex less active - cingulate cortex is overactive
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treatment of panic disorder |
- benzodiazepines - SSRI's |
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OCD compulsions |
- counting -checking -cleaning -avoidance |
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cause of OCD |
- possibly hereditary - brain damage, damage to basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex - strep infection |
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causes of autism |
- heritable - non-heritable- rubella during pregnancy, thalidomide, encephalitis caused by herpes, autoimmune diseas - brain differences include, larger brain, part of cerebellum smaller than usual, decrease in certain neurons |
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PTSD symptoms |
- recurrent dreams or recollection of events - feelings associated with event - intense psychological distress - effects quality of life |
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common features of addiction |
- positive reinforcement, drug makes you feel good, - release of dompamine in nucleus accumbens -negative reinforcement - feel bad, take drug and feel better - craving and relapse |
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opiates |
- high tolerance -injection - baby becomes dependent if mother takes it during pregnancy - diluted by dealers, diulation always different - stimulates opiate receptors, produces analgesia, hypothermia, sedation, reinforcment |
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cocaine and amphetamines |
- potent dopamine agonsit - crack is most reinforcing because of quick effects - euphoria, active, talking - 3x more likely to OD and die - decrease number of D transporters - increased risk for disease |
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nicotine |
- causes more deaths than "hard drugs" - worse for prenatal health than coke - highly addictive, hard to quit |
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alcohol |
- mild euphoria and has anti anxiety effect - relases people from some effects of behaviors - acts on NMDA and GABA receptors - disrupts LTP, explains effects on memory and cognitive functions - affects motor movements |
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pot |
- THC receptors - affects memory
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Hereditary |
- not everyone becomes addicted to drugs - alcoholism has a heritable factor - continual drnkers tend to have son who will also be continual drinkers, daughters have somatization disorder |
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Therapy for addiction |
- methadone for opiates, administer via liquid - block dopamine receptors - produce antibodies to drugs - serotonin agonists for alcoholism, decreases reinforcing effects of alcohol. |
