Neuro Test 2 Pathologies

Front 1

dyskinesias

Back 1

difficulty controlling voluntary movements in absence of paralysis, paresis, or apraxia. 2 types.
1.hyperkinesia and 2. hypokinesia

Front 2

chorea aka huntingtons dissease

Back 2

a type of hyperkinesia

spontaneous rapid random movements, due to loss of ENK striasmal neurons favors direct pathway promoting thalamic drive.
huntingtons is characterized by loss of caudate nucleus

Front 3

athetosis

Back 3

a type of hyperkinesia
writhing(twisting turning) movements

Front 4

dystonia

Back 4

a type of hyperkinesia
joint or postural freezing due to antagonistic coactivation
ex idiopathic torsional dystonia
spasmodic torticollis

Front 5

ballismus

Back 5

a type of hyerkinesia
rapid flailing movements of the extremities due to loss of subthalamic nucleus that increses thalamic drive

Front 6

tic

Back 6

a type of hyperkinesia
with spontaneous single repeated movement, so movement is not random

Front 7

tourette's syndrome

Back 7

a type of hyperkinesia
movements with vocalizations

Front 8

hypokinesia

Back 8

condition marked by paucity of movements despite motivational and muscular ability is intact, ex parkinsons(loss of dopaminergic excitation of direct path and inhibition of indirect path) --> decrese thalamic drive

Front 9

cerebellar ataxia

Back 9

damage to cerebellum but not paralysis or paresis. appears ipsilateraly unless it is a vermal lesion

Front 10

clinical signs of cerebellar ataxia

*dysmetria
*dysdiadochokinesia
*motor decomposition
*dysarthia

Back 10

ataxic gait- drunken gait
nystagmus- eye movements
hypotonia- pendulous reflexes
dysmetria- intention tremor
limb ataxia- poorly coordinated
dysdiadochokinesia- repetitive movement disorder
motor decomposition- movements broken into components
dysarthia- slow speech

Front 11

3 symptoms seen in vestibulocerebellum and inner ear lesions, making the two hard to differentiate from eachother

Back 11

truncal ataxia- inability to balance
nystagmus- not normal in unconcious
vertigo- sense of room spinning, often accompanied by nausea

Front 12

symptoms of flocculonodular lobe damage

Back 12

truncal ataxia
and nystagmus.*fast phase of nystagmus is towards the side of the lesion, slow phase away

Front 13

spinocerebellar damage AKA ant lob syndrome

Back 13

can be caused by malnutrition (ex alcoholism)
shows with ataxia, but NO nystagmus or vertigo

Front 14

cerebralcerebellum AKA neocerebellar damage

Back 14

usually unilateral
*general loss of muscle tone- hyporeflexia and pendular reflex
less muscle coordination, takes longer to change directions
dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia and decomposition of movement

These symptoms also involve speech.

Front 15

apraxia

Back 15

inability to perform learned motor skills in absence of paralysis. caused by lesions in supplementary motor area, but can still move. just cant integrate muscle groups.

Front 16

astereognosis

Back 16

lesion in parietal association cortex --> to tactile amnesia inability to ID an object by touch

Front 17

agraphestesia

Back 17

lesion in parietal association cortex --> inability to recognize object drawn onto skin even on hand

Front 18

neglect syndrome

Back 18

lesion in parietal association cortex --> failure to recognize opposite side of body and its surroundings

Front 19

allodynia

Back 19

perception of pain from non painful stimuli