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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The unique physiologial process common to all sensory systems that is multistep where stimulus energy is converted to electrical potentials to be read by the NS?
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Transduction
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What are the 2 types of graded responses to a stimulus?
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Depoloarizing and hyperpolarizing.
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What do receptors potentials have to reach in response to a stimulus before being activated? What happens in the presence of intense stimuli?
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Threshold of the stimulus amplitude. They can become saturated
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What do receptors do that allows them to respond to one type of energy more than any other and individually to only a narrow range of that energy?
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STIMULUS MODALITY.
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What is an adequate stimulus?
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The amount of energy that a receptor resonds to under normal conditions.
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What does the labeled line theory say?
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Perception is generally localized by modality and sensations are mapped in ways that maintain an orderly representation of the stimulus.
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What are the 2 ways to encode for stimulus intensity?
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Frequency coding and population coding.
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Where the number of primary afferents responding increases... AKA recruitment?
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Population coding
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The firing rate of sensory neurons increase with increased intensity?
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Frequency coding
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The process by wich the response of a recptor to constant stimulus DECLINE OVER TIME
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Adaptation
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Slow adaptation?
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Tonic
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RAPID adaptation?
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Phasic
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The ability to localize a stimulus, determined by receptive field size and receptor density?
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Acuity
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Lateral inhibition is?
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Where a stimulus to the center of receptive field excites a neuron but a stiumus applied at the edge inhibits it.
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Perception is conscious or unconscious?
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Conscious
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Is sensation conscious or unconscious?
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Unconscious
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these 3 physiological processes- stimulation, transduction, transcmission and modulation are all related to conciousness or unconsciousness? What is the only physiological process that is conscious?
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Unconscious. Preception
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What is the primary sturcture component? 2ondary? Tertiary?
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Receptor, Pathway, 1*+ association with the cortex.
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When a stimulation energy hits a receptor membrane what are the 5 steps that happen?
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1.Stimulation
2. Conformation change in receptor protein 3. Ion channels open 4. Membrane potential change Receptor potential 5 Increase or decrease in AP production |
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What are the characterstics of the ion channels that are opened?
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Non selective, let anything thru, usually CATION, usually NOT VOLTAGE GATED
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What are the types of receptors? 2 types
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Receptor 1* afferent neuron -> somatosensory, olfactory
Receptor activated that causes NT release, for special sense |
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Receptive fields do what? What happens when they overlap? Made of what?
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Are that can produce a response in a receptor. Overlap in higher order neurons to create a stronger resonse.
Sensory unit 1* afferent + receptors in receptive field |
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Stimulus coding has 4 parts they are?
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Modality, location, duration, intensity
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3 types of energy with example of each?
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1. Electromagnetic- light, temp
2. Mechanical- sound, gravity, 3. Chemical, tastes, odors pH |
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All stimul that activate a receptor are percieved a what?
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ADEQUATE STIMULUS
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Special senses?
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Audition, vision, olfaction, gustation, head rotation, gravity detection
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Non-special senses?
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Mechanoreception(touch)
Nociception Body position Internal sensation (pH, osmolarity) |
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What are the 2 coding theories?
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Labeled line and Patter theory
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Which theory has a receptor detecting AS-> 1* afferent pathway -> pathways maintain specificy + organization, TONOTOPIC, RETINOTOPIC, ODORTOPIC
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Labeled line
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Modality is represented in activity across 1* affernt-> TIMING of AP's - can account for multimodality ^OLFACTORY
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Patter theory
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Both types of coding theories are used where?
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In all sensory systems
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The minimum amplitude a stimulus must be at to produce a response?
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Threshold
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Maximum energy that produces a ressponse?
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Saturation
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Dynamic range=
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Dynamic range= SAT-THR
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Frequency coding says that?
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Increase intensity, increases AP's increase frequency of AP's
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Population Coding says that?
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Increase in amount of RF stimululated -> stimulted RF of adjacent neurons-> more afferent responding.
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Population coding (recruitment is related to)
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Lateral inhibition
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What is acuity?
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The ability to localize a stimulus, determined by RF size and receptor density.
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The smaller the RF size the more what?
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Percise it is
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What is there a conflict between?
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Coding of intensity and of location
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What does lateral inhibition do to neighboring neurons?
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It inhibits them. The appliction of a stimulus to the center of the receptive field excites a neuron but appied to the edge inhibits it
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What are the theories of transmission?
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Series and parallel, convergence and divergence, centrifugal and non sensory.
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What is series similar to?
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LABELED line ascending
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Parallel processing has?
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Multiple routes
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Convergense has
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within/between modalities.
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there are 6 factors that affect awareness. what are they?
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Receptor, Function (damage) Receptor mechanism, Selective attention, Emotions, experience, DRUGS
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Selective attention allows the higher brain function to do what?
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Modify the whole system or a component of the system
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A stimulus applied to the edge of a neuron does what?
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Inhibits it according to the lateral inhibition theory.
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How many olfactory protiens are there in the body?
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over 1000
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Gustatory cells respond to 5 things what are they?
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Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Slaty and umami
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What does the olfactory system use to communicate information?
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BOth labeled line and pattern coding
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What level is the odourtypic map established in the olfactory bulb?
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2nd order neurons in the olfactory bulb
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How many steps are there in olfactory transduction? What are they?
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4 steps.
1. Receptor activation 2. G protein (GOLF) activation 3. Effector protein-> adenylate cyclase 4. RAMP-> open a ligand gated chanel to let in any cation to establish electochem. gradient for Na depolarization |
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What is the effector protein of olfactory transduction is? What is the 4th step of olfactory transduction?
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Adenylate cylase raises cAMP.
Open of ligand gated channel allows cations in which changes electchem gradient and has Na depolarization |
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What is the organization of the olfactory system? Nerve-> bulb to ???
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Tract
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Olfactory epithelia have 3 special characteristics what are they?
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receptor cells 1 afferent
Only neurons replaced during life Each Olfactory receptor nerve codes for one receptor protein |
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Gustatory transduction has 2 pathways. which one directly causes depolarization by interacting with ion channels?
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Sour and salty
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Patients with anosmia typically complain of about this too?
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Ageusia
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What makes up flavour?
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Taste, texture and smell
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The odourtypic map is made of? Is it organized at the epithelial level?
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2nd order neurons in olfactory bulb. No it is not organized
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The olfactory bulb is a mix match of 14 different recepotor protiens that detect how many scents??
How are the olfactory bulbs organized? And what happens to sharpen the responses? |
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Labelled line and pattern coding and Lateral inhibition sharpens response |
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Sweet=
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Nutritios
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sour and salty=
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H+ and Na+ needed to live
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Bitter=
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Toxins
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Umani=
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Savory, meaty
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Conditioned taste aversion is?
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Tastes that are associated with noxious stimuls. If you throw up from eating a food you wont wanna eat it again
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How many taste cells per bud? what is their turn over? Each taste cell= what?
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50-100 taste cells per bud turn over every 10 days.
1 tastant |
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What happens in Sour and Salty transduction?
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1. Activation of receptor.
2. H+ or Na+ pass thru chanels, Sour closs K+ 3. Open ion channels depolaraztion. 4. Get Ca into cell 5. Neurotransmitter Relase typically 5HT (serotonin) |
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What happens in sweet, umami, bitter transduction?
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1. Recepter activation
2. Gustucin G protein activation 3. Open ion channels by 2nd messenger 4. Open Ca+ channels or release it from ER, 5. Neurotrans release, usually ATP induced. |
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Anosmia
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Complete Absence of smell
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Ageusia
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Complete absence of taste
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Hyposmia
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Reduced scent
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Hypoguesia
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Reduced taste
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Hyperosmia
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Increased smell
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Dyosmia
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distorted scent
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Parosmia?
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Perception of a scent when it is not present
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Dysgeusia
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Distorted taste
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Cacosmia
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exteremlly unpleasant smell
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Cacgeusia
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extremely unpleasant taste
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Agnosia
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inability to ID
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How can anosmial and ageusia be fatal?
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They can lead to anorexia/weight loss since you don't want to eat.
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Where can lesions occur? And how are they percieved?
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Bilaterally percieved.
Peripherally, Neuroepithelially Central processing |
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What is an example of peripheral lesion, where the chemicals cannot reach the receptors?
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Cause by smoking, dry mouth
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Neuroepithelial is damage to receptor cells their processes or the transduction mechanism. Cause?
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Many drugs, aging, O: head injury
G: Radiation |
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Central processing lesions are the result of hallucinations brought on by?
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Tumors, depression, schizophrenia
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