Neuro Quiz 2

Front 1

Pathology of Frontal temporal degneration

Back 1

1) neuronal loss, gliosis, and sometinmes spongiosis and psick bodies
2) absense of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques seen in AD

Front 2

3 subtypes of Frontal temporal degneration

Back 2

1) frontotemporal dementia (symetric or assymetrci frontal lobe or anterior lobe degeneration)
2) sematic dementia (left temporal degeneration)
3) progressive nonaffluent aphasia (left inferior frontal degeneration)

Front 3

Progressive non-affluent aphasia

Back 3

marked dysfunction in expressive language (aggramatism, anomia)

tests:
-Low word generation FAS
-poor repetition
-poor comprehension of grammatical structures (word sequencing)
-variable decline in word retieval (Boston Naming)

Front 4

Semantic Dementia

Back 4

loss in accumulated information stores (vocab., object identity, surface dyslexia)

Tests:
Poor word retrieval (bostom naming)
lower fund of knowledge (IN)
reduced word knowledge (VC)
poor catergory fluency (Catergory naming)
Relatively preserved recent memory as compared to remote memory

Front 5

Dementia of frontal type

Back 5

decline in personlaity and behavior
Tests:
Executive functioning disturbances

Front 6

Constructional ability

AD vs. left and right FTLD

Back 6

AD<L and R FTD
contructional ability (Rey-Osterrieth copy, Berry)

Front 7

Left FTLD<AD

Back 7

-word-retrieval (Boston Naming Test)
-Verbal semantic memory (IN, VC, catergory generation)
-verbal executive ability (FAS)

Front 8

Right FTLD<AD

Back 8

more perseverative behavior

Front 9

AD and FTLD did not differ in

Back 9

memory perfomrance (verbal or visual)
IQ subtest other than VC and IN

Front 10

Neuropsychology characteristics of Alzheihmers

Back 10

1) Prominent declines in memory (verbal and nonverbal)
2) At least mild declines in:
----Language (word-retrieval, word generation)
----Visual Perceptual-spatial Skills
----Executive/Problem-solving Skills
---Mental Speed
3) Overall intelligence (PIQ<VIQ)
4) Intact basic attention, remote memory, vocabulary range, motor dexterity

Front 11

Dysfunction in Temporal lobes

Back 11

Verbal and nonverbal memory, word-retrieval

Front 12

Parietal lobes

Back 12

Visual perceptual/spatial skills
IQ
Math

Front 13

Frontal lobes

Back 13

Executive Tasks

Front 14

MRI
scans found....

Back 14

Hippocampal atrophy

Front 15

SPECT/PET
found...

Back 15

Primary
Bitemporal-
Biparietal
hypoperfusion

Front 16

AD fibers

Back 16

neurofibrilly tangles

Front 17

Best measures for initial diagnosis of AD

Back 17

Learning and recall scores (Logical Memory, RAVLT) because they decline precipitously at onset of disease)

Front 18

Best measures of staging disease

Back 18

Word-retrieval (Boston Naming Test), word generation (FAS), visual spatial skills (Block Design, Rey Figure), and recognition memory (because they decline gradually from onset to middle stages of the illness)

Front 19

Cognitive differences between young and old AD patients

Back 19

--After correction for age, very old AD patients (>80) outperformed “young” AD patients (<70) on tests of executive functions, visuospatial skills, and delayed memory
---Very old AD patients do not show the focal, disproportionate losses in memory and executive function seen in younger AD patients

Front 20

Transitional state between AD and age-related cognitive changes

Back 20

1) Show more extensive memory loss than normal aging, but do not meet criteria for dementia
1) Progresses to AD at rate of 10% to 15% per year (as compared to 1% to 2% of normal controls)
2) Up to 80% meet criteria for AD within 6 years

Front 21

Frontal variant subgroup of AD

Back 21

Display frontal dysfunction in addition to posterior disturbance
----Memory, language, and visual-spatial skills comparable to AD
----More executive deficits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, impairment of daily living, and caregiver distress than AD

Front 22

Vascular Dementia

Back 22

---Multiple infarcts in cerebral gray matter (cortical vascular dementia), and/or
---Lesions in subcortical white matter (subcortical vascular dementia or subcortical ischemic vascular dementia)

Front 23

Cognitive findings in AD versus Vascular Dementia

Back 23

1) Both exhibit generalized cognitive dysfunction involving multiple cognitive domains:
a) Semantic memory/naming, psychomotor speed, memory, executive function, visuospatial ability, and language

2) Despite the differences in brain pathology, many studies have failed to detect differences in cognition between the two groups
a) However, in some studies memory loss is more prominent in AD, while frontal and subcortical dysfunction is the most characteristic aspect of vascular dementia leading to worse executive function

Front 24

volume of subcoritcal intensities related to

Back 24

decline in attention
processing speed
executive skills

Front 25

whole brain atrophy

Back 25

language
memory
visual perceptual skills

Front 26

Frontal variant subgroup of AD

Back 26

Display frontal dysfunction in addition to posterior disturbance
----Memory, language, and visual-spatial skills comparable to AD
----More executive deficits, neuropsychiatric symptoms, impairment of daily living, and caregiver distress than AD

Front 27

Vascular Dementia

Back 27

---Multiple infarcts in cerebral gray matter (cortical vascular dementia), and/or
---Lesions in subcortical white matter (subcortical vascular dementia or subcortical ischemic vascular dementia)

Front 28

Cognitive findings in AD versus Vascular Dementia

Back 28

1) Both exhibit generalized cognitive dysfunction involving multiple cognitive domains:
a) Semantic memory/naming, psychomotor speed, memory, executive function, visuospatial ability, and language

2) Despite the differences in brain pathology, many studies have failed to detect differences in cognition between the two groups
a) However, in some studies memory loss is more prominent in AD, while frontal and subcortical dysfunction is the most characteristic aspect of vascular dementia leading to worse executive function

Front 29

volume of subcoritcal intensities related to

Back 29

decline in attention
processing speed
executive skills

Front 30

whole brain atrophy

Back 30

language
memory
visual perceptual skills

Front 31

2 mechanism for cognitive loss in VD

Back 31

specific lesions in subcortical pathways
tissue loss accompany brain atrophy due ot inafarction or cerebro vascular disease

Front 32

SPECT depression showed

Back 32

decreased frontal and right hemisphere

Front 33

Depression =

Back 33

decline in nonverbal skills (PIC/nonverbal memory)
severity of depression=decline in mental speed/executive

Front 34

State versus trait depressive pattern

Back 34

trait (right hemishpehere) :
-- does not vary with severity
--present before onset of sx
--remains after treatment
--permance suggest structural brain abnormalites
State:
-- varies with symptom severity
--improve with treatment
--non permant alterations

Front 35

Right versuis left

Back 35

Right: neural substrate for emotion
LEft: control of emotional expression

Front 36

2 condition necessary for depression

Back 36

1) abnormal structural of right hemishphere
2) interuption of the regulatory control of affect by the abterior subcortical dominant hemiphere

Front 37

after left hemishpere injury depression

Back 37

disrupts inhibtion of preexisting cereberal abnormality

Front 38

cognition in depressive subtypes

Back 38

vegtative symptoms = cognitive abnotmalities