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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glia
(name) |
Astrocytes
Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Ependymal cells |
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Astrocytes
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large star-shaped
wrap synapses wrap bv absorb NT maintain ionic balance growth, devt, repair in CNS |
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Microglia
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small
mobile brain immune system |
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Oligodendrocytes
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myelination of axons in CNS
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Schwann cells
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myelination in PNS
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Ependymal Cells
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line ventricles
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Critical factor for selectivity in ion channels
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size of channel pore
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Phenytoin (Dilantin)
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antiepileptic drug that acts by prolonging the duration of sodium channel inactivation
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Lidocaine or Procaine
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anesthetic/antiarythmic drugs that acts by prolonging the duration of sodium channel inactivation
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Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile seizures
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some inherited forms due to reduced inact of Na channels
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TTX (tetrodotoxin)
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binds outer mouth of Na channel thereby blocking the pore
death usually by respiratory paralysis |
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Ion channel diversity
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(1) the nervous system is very heterogeneous in terms of electrical properties of indiv neurons and
(2) that heterogeneity is the result of different cells having different compliments of ion channels |
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MS
Disease mech |
breakdown of myelin sheath around axons in CNS
results in slow AP and eventual failure to propogate (conduction block) due to: (1) current leak (2) insufficient Na channels caused by attack on myelin by immune system autoimmune? viral infection? |
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MS
negative symptoms due to? Symptoms? |
due to reduction in AP velocity or actual failure to conduct AP
Symptoms: muscle weakness, reduced motor coordination, visual deficits that worsen at elevated temps |
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MS
positive symptoms due to? Symptoms? |
due to ephaptic transmission
depol of one axon stim AP in neighbor axon (crossed wires) Symptoms: tonic seizures, akinesia, diplopia, nystagmus, paresthesia (usually movement dependent) Lhermitte's sign |
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MS
4 clinical courses (name) |
Relapsing-Remitting (85%)
Primary-Progressive (10%) Secondary-Progressive Progressive-Relapsing (5%) |
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Hypocalcaemia
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hyperexcitatability
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Hypercalcemia
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hypoexcitable
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Haloperidol (Haldol)
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dopamine agonist that block NT receptor
used to treat schizophrenia |
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L-Dopa
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used to increase NT by increasing the level of NT
(it is a Dopamine precursor) Tx: Parkinson's disease |
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Prozac (fluoxetine)
Zoloft |
SSRI
prevent re-uptake via transporters |
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Donepezil (Aricept)
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acetylcholinesterase inhib
increases NT levels Tx: Alzheimer's |
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Molecular Mech of transmitter release
Docking |
attachment of synaptic vesicle to active zone
requires synapsin |
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Molecular Mech of transmitter release
Priming |
preparing vesicle for exocytosis
Syntaxin and SNAP-25 (both presyn term membrane) bind with synaptobrevin (syn vesicle mem) to form SNARE complex, which brings vesicle in close contact with membrane |
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Molecular Mech of transmitter release
Fusion and Exocytosis |
fusion of membranes, release of NT
the actual Ca triggered event Ca binds synaptotagmin |
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Molecular Mech of transmitter release
Endocytosis of vesicle |
Clathrin coats vesicle
Dynamin completes the separation from presyn membrane |
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Botulism and Tetanus
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block synaptic transmission by acting on synaptic vesicle release
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Types of NT
Biogenic Amines |
epi, norepi, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
primarily neuromodulatory (metabo) except 5HT3 receptor = ionotropic |
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Types of NT
Amino Acids |
Glutamate - main excite in brain, act on both
GABA: inhib, acts on both Glycine: inhib, iono only |
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GABA
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inhib NT
acts on iono (GABA-A) and metabo (GABA-B) |
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Ach
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excitatory mainly places
both |
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Synaptic Plasticity
short-term |
increased vs. depression
increased due to increased NT released at presyn terminal due to accumulation of intracell Ca2+ Depression is decrease due to repeated activation of neuron |
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LTP
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strong synaptic stimulation by tetanus, depol NMDA to remove Mg, Ca2+ influx triggers events leading to increase in receptors (AMPA) that are ionotropic but not voltage dependent
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Partial epilepsy
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seizure in discrete focal region of brain
if motor component only a small set of muscles affected Simple partial: motor symptoms (repetitive flexion/extension) but does not affect consciousness Complex partial: impaired consciousness, and can include hallucinations and complex, goal-oriented motor behaviors |
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Generalized epilepsy
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large regions of brain
always loss of consciousness Absence (petit mal) involve loss of con but no motor symptoms Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) involve loss of con and tonic-clonic mvments tonic - increased muscle tone clonic - repetitive, jerky mvments |
