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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The saccule responds best to...
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up-down translations of the head
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blood supply to the premotor/supplementary motor cortex
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middle cerebral
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blood supply to the primary motor cortex- leg region
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anterior cerebral
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blood supply to the primary motor cortex - face region
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middle plus cingulate region Anterior
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blood supply to the primary motor cortex-shoulder region
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between middle and anterior - watershed
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blood supply to the motor cortex-arm region
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middle cerebral
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blood supply to the thalamus (Va, VL)
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posterior cerebral
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blood supply to the subthalamic nuc.
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posterior cerebral
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blood supply to the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
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middle (lentic branch of middle)
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blood supply to the internal capsule, anterior limb, genu, posterior limb
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choroial/middle cerebral (posterior limb just choroidal)
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blood supplly to primary visual cortex
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posterior cerebral
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blood supply of primary auditory cortex-
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middle cerebral a
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blood supply of Primary somatosensory cortex- leg region-
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anterior cerebral a.
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blood supply of Primary somatosensory cortex- face region-
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middle cerebral
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blood supply of Primary somatosensory cortex- arm region-
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middle cerebral
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blood supply of Optic nerve-
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ophthalmic
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blood supply of Thalamus (LGN, MGN, VPM, VPL, MD)-
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posterior cerebral
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Lamina I
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A delta fibers (in anteriorlateral)
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Lamina V
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A-delta/C fibers (in anteriorlateral)
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Lamina II
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C fibers (substantia gelatanosa)
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Anterolateral pathway:
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DRG->Tract of Lissauer->Dorsal horn->Ventral spinal commisure-> Aterolateral tract->VPL->Primary SS cortex
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DCML
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Dorsal column system: DRG->Fasciculus gracilus, cuneatus-> Nucleus gracilus, cuneatus-> arcuate fibers-> medial leminscus-> VPL-> Primary SS cortex
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Trigeminal Touch
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Vth nerve->Main Sensory nuc V-> Trigeminal lemniscus->VPM thalamus-> Primary SS cortex
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Trigeminal Pain:
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Vth nerve-> Spinaltrigeminal tract->Spinal nuc V-> Trigeminothalamic tract->VPM thalamus->primary SS cortex
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Where is the lesion?
Body Pain/Touch contralateral FAce Pain/Touch contralateral Corticospinal: contra rubrospinal ipsi |
Midbrain/Pons
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Where is the lesion?
Body Pain/Touch: contralateral Face Pain: bilateral Corticospinal contra rubrospinal ipsi |
Medulla
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Where is the lesion?
Body Touch: ipsilateral Body Pain Contralatreal Corticospinal: ipsi rubrospinal ipsi |
Spinal Cord
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what does the rubrospinal tract control?
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proximal limb muscles
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what does the lateral vestibulospinal tract control?
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trunk/antigravity
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solitary nuculus signs
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things don't taste right
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signs for nucleus ambigus
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soft pallate, uvula (points to intact side), swallowing
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Bibenski sign is a sign of
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upper motor neuron/hyperreflexia
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uvula points to what side? tongue?
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uvula points to intact side, tongue points to affected side
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internuclear opthalmaphagia can be caused by
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damage to MLF
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the spinocerebellar tract is for...
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sensory - conscious proprioception
ventral - golgi tendon dorsal - muscle spindles |
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What is the localizing signs for mid medullary, lateral levels levels
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nucleus ambiguus - voluntary swallowing, uvula devation, gag reflex
inf cerebellar peduncl, vestibular nucl tract -vestubulo (dizzy, balance), spinocerebellary signs (intention tremmor) |
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what is the localizing signs for mid-medullary, medial levels
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hypoglossal nuc - tongue, tongue devation
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what is the localizing signs for rostral medualla, lateral levels
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cochlear nucleus/nerve - unilateral hearing loss
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MEDIAL MEDULLARY syndrome has what symptoms
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FROM VERTEBRAL A.
1. hypoglossal nuc - lower motor neuron of ipsi tongue 2. medial vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal - loss of orienting head and antigravity movements 3a. medial leminscus - loss of touch,pressure of contralateral body 3b. trigeminothalamic - loss of pain/temp for contra face 4. pyramids - upper motor neuron disorder for contra body (or all), hyperreflexia |
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LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME
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PICA
1. lateral vestibulocerebellar, spinocerebellar - loss of balance, difficulties with gate, posture, ataxia 2. vestibularchocolar nerve or nucl - Possible ipsilateral hearing loss 3. anteriorlateral - Loss of pain/temp contra body 4. spinal trigeminal - Loss of pain/temp for ipsi face 5. rubrospinal - Weakness of ipsi upper extermities 6. nuculeus ambiguus - Loss of gag reflex 7. Horner's syndrome |
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what are localing signs for pons
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1. spino, cerebrocerebellar signs - dysmetria, intention tremor
2. horizontal gaze problems - abducens nuc 3. lower motorneuron signs for - muscles of mastication (motor nuc V), muscles of facial expression (no forehead sparing, facial nuc) 3. ipsilateral face - all modalities (vth nerve entry/main sensory nuc of v area) |
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LATERAL Pontine Lesion present with
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SCA, AICA
1) Ruburospinal - weakness of ipsilateral proximal extermities with hyper-reflexia 2. lateral vestubulospinal - some problems with maintaining balanced posture with hyperreflexia of trunk muscles 3. middle cerebellar peduncle - ipsilateral intention tremor 4. motor nucleus/facial nucleus - muscles of facial expression with hypo-reflexia weakness of ipsilateral jaws 5. anterolateral - Loss of pain/temp sensation for contralateral body 5b. spinotrigeminal - loss of pain/temp sensation ipsi face 6. medial leminiscus - possible loss touch,pressure contra leg 6b. trigeminal sensory nucleus Loss touch, pressure ipsi face 7. Horner's syndrome |
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hyperreflexia - upper or lower motor neuron?
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hyperreflexia - upper
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MEDIAL PONTINE present with
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BASILAR
1. Corticospinal - Weakness of contralateral body with hyper-reflexia 2. Cell bodies of corticospinal - Possible bilateral cerebrocerebellar signs 3. tectospinal - Problems with orienting head movements 4. abducens nucleus/nerve - Lower motor neuron for ipsi lateral rectus 5. abducens nucleus->MLF->medial rectus - Upper motor neuron for contra med rectus 6. fLoss touch, pressure contra body 6b. medial trigeminothalamic - Loss touch pressure contra face. |
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hyporeflexia - upper or lower motor neuron
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hyporeflexia - lower
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pyramidal tracts in posterior limb/genu
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posterior limb - corticospinal
genu - corticobulblar |
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mesencephalic reticular formation produceds
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vertical saccadic eye movements
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pontine retiular formation
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produces horizontal eye movements
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which typse of vision does not utilize vision or visual stimuli
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VOR, saccadic
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lesion in anterior portion of hypothalamus
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decrease in appetite and eating
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circumventricular organs?
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regions in the CNS where blood brain barrier is dimished
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brain areas that directly sense blood borne products..
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circumventricular organs
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hypothalamic cells that release transmitter into vasculature
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neurosecretory cells
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lesion in lateral hypothalamus symptoms
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decreased heart rate, reduced blood pressure, weight loss
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parvocellular degeneration of hypothalmus symptoms
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can't control stress (ACTH levels abnormal) can't control body temperature (TSH levesl abnormal), growth (GH levesl abnormal), prolactin levels abnormal
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part of spinal cord that lacks the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
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lumbar
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only cells that project out of cerebellum
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purkinje cells
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only cell that uses glutamate
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granule cells
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climbing fibers arise from..
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inferior olive
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function of superior cervical ganglion
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plupil
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stellate ganglion controls
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salivation
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celiac ganglion controls
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stomac, liver, pancreas
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superior mesenteric controls
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intestines
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mesenteric ganglion controls
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bladder
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only magnocelluar hypothalamic nuclei
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paraventricular and supraoptic
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which hypothalamic nucuelus controls circadian rhythms
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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magnocellular neurons project to..
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posterior pituitary
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hypothalamic nucleus that regulates heat dissapation
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MPOA in anterior portion
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hypothalamic nucleus that regulates heat conservation
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mamillary complex
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parvocellular neurons project to..
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anterior pituitary
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uses vasopressin or oxytocin
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magnocellular
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fever acts on which portion of hyothalamus
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anterior
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visual WHERE functions are found
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in the posterior parietal cortex, nondominant hemi
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connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas
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superior longitudinal fasciculus
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connects frontal lope to temporal/parietal/occipital lobes
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superior longitudinal fasciculus
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major middle cerebral artery symptoms..
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agnosia (problems naming objects), anomia (problems recalling words), but not hemineglect
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hemineglect is on which side
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nondominant (usu right) side (posterior parietal)
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what is prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize faces
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amygdala symptoms
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emotions, may not notice difference in the emotions of others
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pick's disease
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degeneration of prefrongal cortex
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transient problems making saccadic eye movements is a result of
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damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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describe the general purposes of the dorsal/ventral streams
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ventral - "what" object and face recognition
dorsal - "where" where an object is in space |
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language is ... speech is....
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language is warnake's, speech is broca's
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which region: anomia- inability to name objects
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inferotemporal cortex
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which region: prosopagnosia- inability to recognize faces
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inferotemporal cortex
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contralateral neglect
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posterior parietal cortex (non-dominant hemisphere)
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which region: optic ataxia-deficits in visually guided reaching
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posterior parietal cortex (non-dominant hemisphere)
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agnosia - inability to recognize familar objects
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inferotempral cortex
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EMG in a motoneuron disease reveals
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fibrillations and giant EMG potentials
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neurotrophins
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neuronal survival factors, promote fiber growth in adults
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dorsal spinocerebellar is for..
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proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum
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lateral corticospinal is for..
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motor to limbs
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ventral corticospinal tract
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motor to trunk
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interaural intensity diff occur in which thalamic nucleus, time diff?
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intensity - LSO, time - MSO
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parvocellular/magnocellular.. which is color opponent?
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color opponent
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which are type i/type iia/iib fibers
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slow twitch - i
fast twitch fatigue resistant - iia fast twitch fast fatigable - iib |
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huntington's disease is degeneration of neurons in the..
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caudate nuculus
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what is dysmetria
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difficulat reaching for things
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reticulospinal tract does?
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medullary facilitates flexors
pontine - facilitates extensors |
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floculonodular (vestibulocerebellum) lobe projects to
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vestibular nuclei
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vermis (spinocerebellum) projects to..
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fastigital nucleus
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paravermis (spinocerebellum) projects to..
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interposed nucleus
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cerebellar hemispheres (cerebrocerebellum) projects to..
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dentate nucleus
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thalamic innervation of cingulate gyrus is supplied by..
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the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
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"spinal shock" is
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initial hyporeflexia after trauma
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lateral to third via..
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foramen of monro
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third to fourth via..
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aqueduct of sylvius
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fourth to cisterns via
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foramen of luschke/foramen of magendie
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tyrosine->
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tyrosine->DOPA->dopamine->norepinephrine->epinephrine
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histidine->
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histidine->histamine
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tryptophan->
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tryptophan->5-hydroxytryptophan->serotonin->melotonin
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tonic receptors are..
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tonic, keep firing as long as the stimulus is present
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phasic receptors are...
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rapidly adapting, respond maximally but breifly to stimuli, respons decreases if the stimulus is maintained
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enkaphalin decreases amplitude by..
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activating K+ conductance which hyperpolarizes the POSTSYNAPTIC cell
reduces Ca++ influx in PRESYNAPTIC terminal |
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VP nucleus of thalamus has..
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spinothalamic axons that terminate
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presbyopia is..
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natural degradation in the ability to see near objects
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area mt
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linear motion
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area mst
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circular motion
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area v4
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sensitive to color
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area IT
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object and facial recognition
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mediodorsal thalamus nucleus (MTN) is in charge of
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olfaction
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where is the lesion? diminished pain perception for the leg
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medial surface SS cortex and VPL
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where is the lesion? Diminished pain perception for the face
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ventrolateral SS cortex and VPM
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where is the lesion? Diminished touch/pressure sensation for the leg
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medial surface SS cortex and VPL
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where is the lesion? Blindness in dorsal visual hemifield
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Primary vis ctx ventral to calcarine fissure
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where is the lesion? Blindness in ventral visual hemifield
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Primary vis ctx dorsal to calcarine fissure
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where is the lesion? Hearing loss/deficit for speech
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next to heschl's gyrus, area A2 - left hemisphere
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where is the lesion? Hearing loss/deficit for music
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next to Heschl's gyrus, area A2 -right hemisphere
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where is the lesion? "Man in a Barrel" syndrome
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watershed, anterior/middle cer a.
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where is the lesion? weakness of the legs with hyper-reflexia
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cortex, internal capsule, thalamus
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where is the lesion? weakness of the face with hyper-reflexia
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cortex, internal capsule, thalamus
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where is the lesion? hemiballismus
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subthalamic nuc
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where is the lesion? hunting's chorea
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cudate, putamen
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surgical treatment for parkinson's disease
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Gpi
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where is the lesion? weakness in the right proximal arm
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left red nuc or right rubrospinal tr
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where is the lesion? weakness in the left lower leg-with hyper-reflexia
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right cerebral peduncle
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where is the lesion? inability to move the right eye toward the midline
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right oculomotor nuc or nerve
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where is the lesion? hypokinetic disorder
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substantia nigra
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where is the lesion? weakness of left head, arms and feet all with hyper reflexia
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right cerebral peduncle
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where is the lesion? decorticate regidity
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lesion rostral to red nuc
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where is the lesion? decerebrate regidity
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lesion caudal to red nuc
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blood supply to midbrain
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posterior cerebral, some SCA and basilar mroe caudually
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lateral lemniscus caries
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auditory info
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where is the lesion? diminished pain perception for the left body
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right anterolateral tract
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where is the lesion? diminished pain perception for the right face
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left trigeminothalamic tract
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where is the lesion? diminished touch/pressure sensation for teh right body
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left medial lemniscus
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where is the lesion? diminished touch/pressure for right face
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left trigeminal leminiscus
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where is the lesion? hearing loss/deficit
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lateral leminiscus (inferior colliculus)
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blood supply at pons to medial lemniscus
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basilar
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blood supply at pons trigeminothalamic tr
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basilar
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blood supply at pons trigeminal lemniscus
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basilar
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blood supply at pons anterolateral tr.
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aica
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blood supply at pons dorsal cochlear nucleus
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aica -with help from pica
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blood supply at pons main sensory nucleus of V
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aica
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blood supply at pons main sensory nucleus of v
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aica
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blood supply at pons mesencephalic nucleus of V
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aica
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blood supply at pons superior olivary complex
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basilar
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Sensory consequences of Foville Syndrome
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dorsomedial pons-basilar
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Sensory consequences of stroke involving basilar artery
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if unilateral-touch pressure for contra body, pain temp for contra face
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Sensory consequences of stroke involving PICA
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if unilateral-pain temp for contra body, pain and temp for ipsi face possible deafness ipsi ear
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Sensory consequences of stroke involving AICA
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if unilateral pain temp for contra body, pain and temp ipsi face up to mid pons only
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Sensory consequences of stroke involving sca
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if unilateral pain temp for contra body
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