Neuro - Principles

Front 1

• What is declarative learning?
  
• What brain portions does it involve?
  
• What is procedural memory?
  
• What brain portions does it involve?
  

Back 1

• Knowledge with verbal/mental recall
• Temporal lobe & Hippocampus
• Ability to perform tasks without conscious thought
• Cerebellum and portions of basal ganglia

Front 2

What are 2 possible mechanisms for short-term neuroplasticity in the healthy nervous system?

Back 2

1. Changes in efficiency
   
2. Improved strength of synaptic connections
   

Front 3

What are 2 possible mechanisms for long-term neuroplasticity in the healthy nervous system?

Back 3

1. Changes in organization
2. Increased number of connections between neurons

Front 4

What is reactive synaptogenesis?

Back 4

AKA collateral sprouting, axons sprout new synapses from one neuron to another within the same neural system

Front 5

• What is regenerative synaptogenesis?
  
• How might the target neuron change?
  

Back 5

• Neural regeneration of an injured axon where previously held synapses are reclaimed.
• The target neuron may grow new dendrites
  

Front 6

• What is the primary change that impacts a local cascade in response to neuron damage?
  
• What are 3 things that happen as a result of this primary change?
  

Back 6

• Insult leads to disruption of the BBB

1. Accumulation of edema, blood cells, and proteins that damage nerve function
   
2. Release of NT, glutamate, and Ca²⁺ activate enzymes associated with neuron death
3. Oxygen and iron act as free radicals that stimulate neuron death

Front 7

• What can demand trigger in an injured or recovering neuron?
  
• How does amount of demand relate to the degree of change?
• What can trigger this demand, clinically?

Back 7

• Angiogenesis & synaptogenesis
  
• The degree of angiogenesis and synaptogenesis depends on the demand placed on the system
• Greater demand results from greater use, therefore more exercise means more angiogenesis/synaptogenesis

Front 8

What is diaschisis?

Why does this occur?

Back 8

• The temporary abolition of excitability of brain areas related to damaged areas
  
• Blood flow reduction and reduced metabolism in these areas

Front 9

What happens to the post-synaptic neuron following loss of input?

Back 9

Denervation hypersensitivity, a heightening of baseline potential such that less NT is required to fire the post-synaptic neuron

Front 10

• What is the ischemic penumbra?
  
• What happens to neurons in the penumbra?
  
• What treatment aids neurons in the penumbra?

Back 10

• The brain area adjacent to the ischemic area
  
• The neurons are viable, but non-functional due to lost connections or insufficient blood flow
• PT and amphetamines

Front 11

• What is system redundancy?
  
• What does this suggest?
  
• How does this guide treatment?

Back 11

• The existence of neurons that are inefficient and thus typically not used, but are unmasked following insult to the more efficient neurons.
  
• Competition between healthy neurons for activation
• PT aids unmasking, as does amphetamines

Front 12

• Best way to treat weakness when MMT = 0 or 1?
  
• 2 or 3?

Back 12

• Facilitation Techniques: Stretch reflexes for autogenic facilitation; tapping, vibration, light touch
• Gravity-eliminated PRE's or functional tasks

Front 13

What are 3 considerations for exercises designed to improve coordination?

Back 13

• Encourage smooth movements
  
• Utilize activities requiring sustained force generation
  
• Utilize activities requiring initial burst of agonist activity
  

Front 14

What are 5 ways to increase complexity of coordination exercises?

Back 14

1. Withdraw external control/guidance
   
2. Increase amplitude of movement
   
3. Add speed alterations, changes in amplitude, direction, or force
   
4. Increase balance demand
5. Require cessation of movement upon request