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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Increased CO/BP --> what effect on vessels in brain? Why?
Sympathetic neurotransmitters? Parasympathetic neurotransmitters? |
Local control - increased CO/BP --> vasoconstriction, tries to protect brain @ capillary level (decreased capillary pressure)
SNS - NE, NPY PNS - Ach, VIP, PHM-27 |
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Three neurotransmitters that cause vasodilation, used in sensory innervation:
Describe autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Effect of SNS stimulation? |
Substance P, Neurokinin A, CGRP
held constant over a wide range of BP's. SNS = widens range of autoregulated BP. |
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Two components of BBB?
What are 4 things that passively diffuse across the BBB? Major energy source for neurons? What transporter moves glucose across BBB? Insulin dependent or not? |
BBB - tight jxns, glial endfeet
O2, CO2, H2O, free steroids Glucose GLUT-1, not insulin dependent |
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Na/K/2Cl transporter moves ions from _____ to ______.
Expression tied to ___________. Do drugs cross the BBB? What happens? Three major fxns of BBB? |
from CSF to blood
endothelin 1, 3 many drugs cross - moved back into blood by P-glycoprotein maintain electrolyte balance (primarily K), protection from toxins, neurotransmitter escape |
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4 areas of brain not well protected by BBB? Fxn?
What is absent in the BBB in these areas? |
Posterior pituitary - hormone release
Area postrema - vomiting OVLT, subfornical organ - fxn in thirst, BV/H2O control (angiotensin) no tight jxns |
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Where is CSF made?
Describe CSF production and hydrocephalus. Describe flow of CSF: |
tissue of the choroid plexus
CSF production is constant across a wide range of ICP, so if you can't absorb = hydrocephalus ventricles --> foramen --> subarachnoid space --> venous sinuses |
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Ions [CSF] = [plasma]:
Ions [CSF] > [plasma]: Ions [CSF] < [plasma]: |
= - Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
> - Mg++, CO2, Creatinine < - K+, Ca++, Protein, PO4, uric acid, cholesterol |
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Describe the process of pre-synaptic inhibition.
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axo-axonal synapse: pre-synaptic axon acts as post-synaptic also.
Other neuron releases GABA (probably), conducts Cl- into post synaptic axon, hyperpolarizes 2nd neuron --> less Ca++ influx --> less NT release |
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Neuron cell body histological features:
Fxn of axons and dendrites: Axons: increased diameter = ______ velocity |
large nucleus with prominent nucleolus, Nissl substance in cytoplasm, cytoskeletal elements, lipofuscin inclusions
axons: conduct impulses to other cells dendrites: specialized to receive info increased diameter = increased velocity |
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What cell myelinates one segment at a time in the PNS?
Describe anterograde axon transport: Describe retrograde axon transport: |
Schwann cell
rapid for NT synthesis, slow for actin, tubulin, neurofilaments; requires kinesin, involved in neuron repair movement of recycled membrane/microtubule subunits, route for viruses/toxins, requires dynein |
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Three types of neurons, locations:
Fxn of neuroglia? Astrocyte fxn: ______ metabolism _____ balance distinguished by presence of _______ protein. Which type is common gray matter? White matter? |
Bipolar - special sensory
Unipolar - DRG Multipolar - motor, interneurons support neurons, protection NT metabolism K+ balance glial fibrillar acidic protein Gray - protoplasmic White - fibrous |
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4 components of BBB?
Most numerous glial cells? Fxn? derived from mononuclear phagocyte system, found at synapses, soma, along vessels; uses cytokines to mediate immune fxn: |
CNS endothelium - tight jxns
basal lamina - mechanical support, barrier to molecules pericytes - regulate endothelial cells, M0 activity end feet of astrocytes Oligodendrocytes - myelinate multiple axons in CNS microglia |
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What type of epithelial cells in ependyma?
Specialized ependymal cells that extend processes into 3rd ventricle: Divisions of nervous system: Difference between somatic and ANS? |
Cuboidal epithelium
tanycytes CNS/PNS PNS --> ANS/somatic NS ANS --> SNS/PNS somatic - one neuron in path ANS - two neurons in path |
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What type of signals in:
somatic NS: ANS: Which cranial nerves are PNS? |
Somatic - GSA, GSE
ANS - GVA, GVE III, VII, IX, X |
