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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries involved in midbrain syndromes? |
paramedian branches from PCA
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Artery involved in lateral medullary syndrome?
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PICA
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Artery involved in lateral pontine syndrome?
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basilar, circumferential branches
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Artery involved in medial medullary syndrome?
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alternating branches of anterior spinal artery
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Artery involved in medial pontine syndrome?
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basilar, paramedian branches
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Bladder problems in brainstem/high spinal cord injury?
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flaccid --> spastic [urge incontinence, hyperactive, empties too frequently]
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Bladder problems in cortical lesions (paracentral lobule)?
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uninhibited, spastic bladder
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Bladder problems in sacral spinal cord injury?
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overflow incontinence
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Blood supply to thalamus?
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posterior cerebral [thalamogeniculate + thalamoperforating]
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Brain region affected in Parkinson disease?
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substantia nigra, pars compacta [dopamine]
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Brain region injured in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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bilateral temporal lobe
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Brain region injured in right hemiballismus?
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left subthalamic nucleus
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Brain regions affected in Huntington disease?
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caudate nucleus
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Cause of Cushing's disease?
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ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
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CN affected with aneuryms at basilar bifurcation?
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CN III
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CN affected with aneurysm of anterior communicating/ICA?
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CN II
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CN, ganglia and nucleus for taste at the anterior 2/3s of tongue?
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CN VII, geniculate, solitary
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CNs affected with aneurysm of PICA?
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CN IX, X, XI, XII
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CNs affected with aneurysm of posterior communicating artery?
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CN III
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Components of the diencephalon?
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thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal), subthalamus
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Components of the limbic system?
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parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampus, amygdala..
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Contents of cerebellopontine cistern?
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CN V, VII, VIII
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Contents of cisterna magna?
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vertebral artery, CN IX, X, XI and XII, choroid plexus
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Contents of interpeduncular cistern?
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CN III
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Contents of prepontine cistern?
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basilar artery, CN VI
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Contents of the ambient cistern?
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CN IV
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Corticospinal tracts decussates at what level?
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pyramidal decussation, caudal medulla
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Cranial nerve motor ganglia?
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ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic, intramural (CN X)
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Cranial nerve sensory ganglia?
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trigeminal, geniculate, superior and inferior ganglia (CN IX, X)
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the diencephalon?
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CN II
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the medulla oblongata?
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CN IX, X, XII
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the midbrain?
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CN III, IV
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pons?
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CN V, VII
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pontomedullary junction?
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CN VII, VIII
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the spinal cord?
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CN XI
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Cranial nerve(s) arising from the telencephalon?
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CN I
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Craniopharyngioma derived from?
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remnant of rathke's pouch
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Deficits in ALS?
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UMN and LMN signs, sensation intact
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Deficits in anterior choroidal artery stroke?
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CL UMN signs, CL homonymous hemianopsia
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Deficits in anterior spinal syndrome?
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UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level, loss of pain and temp below lesion, disc touch, proprioception and vibration intact
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Deficits in Benedikt syndrome?
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IL CN III palsy, CL ataxia [superior cerebellar peduncle]
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Deficits in Brown-Sequard injury?
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IL loss of discriminitive touch, CL loss of pain/temp, UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level
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Deficits in Claude syndrome?
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IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis, CL ataxia
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Deficits in Friedreich's ataxia?
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loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign, ataxia and UMN signs below lesion
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Deficits in Guillan-Barre?
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typically follows viral illness or vaccination, ascending paralysis (LE then UE), some sensory, autonomic effects
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Deficits in lateral medullary syndrome?
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IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, dysphagia, hoarseness
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Deficits in lateral pontine syndrome?
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IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, CN VII or V palsy
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Deficits in left ACA stroke?
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CL UMN signs [LL], frontal lobe signs
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Deficits in left inferior division MCA stroke?
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expressive aphasia, CL UMN signs [face + UL], CL sensory loss [face + UL]
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Deficits in left PCA stroke?
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CL homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparring
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Deficits in left superior division MCA stroke?
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receptive aphasia, CL homonymous hemianopsia
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Deficits in lentriculostriate artery hemorrhage?
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CL UMN signs, CL lower facial paralysis, tongue deviates away from lesion
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Deficits in medial medullary syndrome?
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CL loss of discriminitive rouch, UMN signs, tongue points to lesion
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Deficits in medial pontine syndrome?
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CL loss of discriminitive rouch, UMN signs, IL CN VI palsy
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Deficits in MS?
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multiple (motor, sensory, special sensory, cognitive) deficits in time and lesions in space
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Deficits in Parinaud syndrome?
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vertical gaze palsy, obstructuve hydrocephalus
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Deficits in right MCA stroke?
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CL UMN signs [face + UL], CL sensory loss [face + UL]
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Deficits in subacute combined degenration?
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B12 deficiency; loss of disc toucn, proprioception and vibration below lesion, UMN signs below lesion
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Deficits in syringomyelia?
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BL dermatomal loss of pain and temperature [usually upper limbs]
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Deficits in tabes dorsalis?
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loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign
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Deficits in Weber syndrome?
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IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis
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Deficits with injury to CN VIII?
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IL deafness
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Dermatome for C2?
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back of the scalp; greater occipital nerve [posterior ramus of C2]
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Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with sacral spinal cord injury?
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loss of reflex erection, psycogenic may be preserved; ejaculation abolished
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Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with spinal cord injury (above T12)?
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loss of psychogenic erections, reflex erections intact; only reflex ejaculation
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Eye movement deficits in right medial pontine syndrome?
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on rightward gaze, R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct + on leftward gaze R eye does not adduct
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Function of hippocampus?
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consolidation of short term memory
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General sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue?
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CN V
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How do you age subdural hematomas?
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acute blood is white [hyperdense] on CT; isodense in 1-2 weeks and hypodense after that
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Injury to medial lemniscus?
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CL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration
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Injury to posterior columns in spinal cord?
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IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the descending colon to rectum?
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L1 - 2
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the eye?
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T1 - T4
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the foregut?
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T5 - T9
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the heart?
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T1 - T4
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
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T10 - L1
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the large instestine to splenic flexure?
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T11 - L1
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lower limb?
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T10 - L2
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lungs?
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T2 - T7
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs?
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T11 - L2
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the small intestine?
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T9 - T10
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the testes/ovary?
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T10 - 11
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Levels of sympathetic innervation of the upper limb?
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T5 - 7
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Location of lesion in decerebrate posturing?
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midbrain - damage red nucleus or rubrospinal tract
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Location of lesion in decorticate posturing?
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rostral midbrain or thalamus - red nucleus intact
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Location of lower motor neurons?
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cerebral cortex, red nucleus, reticular formation
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Location of upper motor neurons?
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spinal cord, motor cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)
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Lower motor neuron (UMN) signs?
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paralysis, decreased muscles stretch reflexes, flaccid tone
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Metabolic deficency in Korsakoff syndrome?
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thiamine
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Motor tracts in the genu of the internal capsule?
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corticobulbar [cranial nerves]
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Motor tracts in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
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corticospinal [upper limb, trunk, lower limb]
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Muscles innervated by CN III?
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superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus, ciliary muscle, constrictor pupillae
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Muscles innervated by CN IV?
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superior oblique
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Muscles innervated by CN IX?
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stylohyoid
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Muscles innervated by CN V?
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temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, ant digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin, mylohyoid
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Muscles innervated by CN VI?
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lateral rectus
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Muscles innervated by CN VII?
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muscles of facial expression, post digastic, stapedius
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Muscles innervated by CN X?
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laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal
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Muscles innervated by CN XI?
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trapezius, SCM
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Muscles innervated by CN XII?
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genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, instrinsic tongue muscles
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Nerve most likely injured with aneurysm of ICA in cavernous sinus?
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CN VI
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Nerves for corneal reflex?
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CN V + VII
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Nerves for cough reflex?
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CN X (C3-5, intercostal ns)
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Nerves for gag reflex?
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CN IX + X
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Nerves for jaw jerk?
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CN V
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Nerves for pupillary light reflex?
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CN II + III
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Nerves traversing the cavernous sinus?
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CN III, IV, VI, V1 and V2
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Nerves traversing the foramen magnum?
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CN XI
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Nerves traversing the foramen ovale?
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CN V3
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Nerves traversing the foramen rotundum?
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CN V2
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Nerves traversing the internal auditory meatus?
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CN VII, VIII
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Nerves traversing the jugular foramen?
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CN IX, X, XI
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Nerves traversing the stylomastoid foramen?
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CN VII
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Nerves traversing the supraorbital fissure?
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CN III, IV, VI, V2
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Neurons in auditory pathway?
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spiral ganglion, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, primary auditory cortex
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Neurons in discriminitive touch/proprioception/vibration pathway?
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posterior root ganglia, nucleus gracilis/cuneatus, VPL thalamus, postecentral gyrus
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Neurons in pain/temperature pathway?
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posterior root ganglia, posterior horn, VPL thalamus, postcentral gyrus
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Neurons in visual pathway?
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retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate, primary visual cortex
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Nuclei for CN III?
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oculomotor, Edinger-Westphal
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Nuclei for CN IV?
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trochlear
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Nuclei for CN IX?
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nucleus ambiguous, inferior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary
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Nuclei for CN V?
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chief sensory nucleus, mesencephalic, spinal trigeminal, trigeminal motor nucleus
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Nuclei for CN VI?
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abducens
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Nuclei for CN VII?
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facial, superior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary
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Nuclei for CN X?
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nucleus ambiguous, dorsal vagal, spinal trigeminal, solitary
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Nuclei for CN XI?
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accessory nucleus (cervical spinal cord)
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Nuclei for CN XII?
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hypoglossal
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Parasympathetic innervation of midgut?
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CN X, dorsal vagal
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Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic organs?
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S2 - 4
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Parasympathetic innervation of the eye?
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CN III, Edinger-Westphal
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Parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
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S2 - 4
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Parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?
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CN X, dorsal vagal
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Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands?
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CN VII, superior salivatory
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Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
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CN IX, inferior salivatory
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Parasympathetic innervation of the testes/ovaries?
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S2 - 4 + dorsal vagal
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Parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic organs?
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CN X, dorsal vagal
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Part of hippocampus most susceptable to anoxia?
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CA1
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Part of hippocampus most vulnerable to seizure activity?
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CA4
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Pathological sign of Parkinson disease?
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Lewy bodies in SN
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Reflex for C5?
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biceps [via musculocutaenous n]
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Reflex for C6?
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brachioradialis [via radial n]
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Reflex for C7?
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triceps [via radial n]
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Reflex for L1?
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cremaster
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Reflex for L4?
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patellar tendon [quadriceps, via femoral n]
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Reflex for S1?
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Achilles/calcaneal tendon [gastroc, via tibial n]
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Result of Rinne test in conductive hearing loss?
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air conduction < bone conduction
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Result of Rinne test in normal ear?
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air conduction > bone conduction
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Result of Rinne test in sensorineuronal hearing loss?
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air conduction > bone conduction
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Result of Weber test in normal hearing?
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localize to midline
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Result of Weber test with conductive hearing loss R ear?
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localize to right
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Result of Weber test with sensorineuronal hearing loss in R ear?
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localize to left
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Results of caloric testing in normal individual?
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COWS - cold = nystagmus to opposite side; warm = nystagmus to same side
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SIADH treated with rapid infusion of hypertonic saline will cause?
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central pontine myelinolysis
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Sign of injury to CN IV?
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head tilt to opposite side
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Sign of injury to right abducens nucleus?
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on rightward gaze, R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct
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Signs + injury in akinetic mutism?
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immobile, mute and unresponsive but awake; bulateral lesion of cingulate gyrus
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Signs of adie's pupil?
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tonically dilated pupil that constricts with low dose pilocarpine
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Signs of Argyll-Robertson pupil?
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pupil accomadates but doesn’t react [to light]; tertiary syphillis
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Signs of Arnold-Chiari I malformation?
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extension of cerebellar tonsil below foramen magnum
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Signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation?
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displaced vermis + myelomeningiocele
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Signs of CN VII injury at the internal auditory meatus?
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IL complete facial paralysis, dry eye, dry mouth, hyperacusis, decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue + tinnitus/hearing loss (CN VIII)
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Signs of CN VII injury at the stylomastoid foramen?
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IL complete facial paralysis
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Signs of CN VIII injury in facial canal?
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IL complete facial paralysis; decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue
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Signs of compressive injury to CN III?
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dilated pupil with normal eye movements
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Signs of cortical injury?
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aphasia, agnosia, anosognosia, primitive reflexes: grasp, snout, suck, root, magnetic gate, astereognosia, apraxia, contralateral neglect
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Signs of craniopharyngioma?
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visual deficits, diabetes insipidus, adiposity, developmental delay, headaches, papilledema
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Signs of Dandy-Walker?
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enlarged posterior fossa, small cerebellum, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus
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Signs of diabetes insipidus?
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polyuria, polydipsia
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Signs of diabetic infarct in CN III?
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oculomotor palsy with normal pupil
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Signs of entrapment/injury to saphenous nerve?
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sensory loss along anterior and medial leg, medial malleolus and foot
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Signs of essential tremor?
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chronic, progressive tremor in arms, neck, larynx, chin; reduced with alcohol consumption
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Signs of Foster Kennedy syndrome?
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(olfactory groove meningioma), IL anosmia, IL optic atrophy, CL papilledema
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Signs of Gerstman's syndrome?
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acalulia, left-right confusion, finger agnosia; left parietal lobe
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Signs of Horner syndrome?
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constricted pupil, ptosis, red face, anhydrosis
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Signs of Huntington disease?
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choreioform movements, dementia
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Signs of injury to anterior horn of spinal cord?
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LMN signs at level
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Signs of injury to C5 nerve root?
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weakness in abduction, lateral rotation and flexion at elbow, decreased bicep reflex, sensory loss over lateral arm
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Signs of injury to C6 nerve root?
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weakness in wrist extension, flexion at elbow, decreased brachioradialis reflex, sensory loss over lateral forearm
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Signs of injury to C7 nerve root?
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weakness in finger extension, elbow extension, wrist flexion, decreased tricep reflex, sensory loss over middle finger
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Signs of injury to C8 nerve root?
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weakness in finger flexion, sensory loss over 4th + 5th digit, medial forearm
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Signs of injury to common fibular nerve?
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foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss over lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
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Signs of injury to corticospinal tract in spinal cord?
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UMN signs below lesion
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Signs of injury to deep fibular nerve?
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foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss in the web between 1st and 2nd toes
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Signs of injury to facial colliculus?
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IL facial paralysis + IL CN VI palsy
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Signs of injury to femoral nerve?
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paralysis of quadriceps, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss along anterior and medial thigh, leg, medial malleolus and foot
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Signs of injury to inferior gluteal nerve?
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Paralysis of gluteus maximus, weakness in extension and lateral rotation of thigh
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Signs of injury to L2 nerve root?
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weakness in leg flexion, knee extension, adduction, sensory loss over anterior thigh
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Signs of injury to L4 nerve root?
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weakness in knee extension, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss over anterior medial leg, medial malleolus
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Signs of injury to L5 nerve root?
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weakness in dorsiflexion, toe extension, abduction of thigh, sensory loss over anterior leg, dorsum of foot, digits 1 and 2
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Signs of injury to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
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sensory loss over anterior and lateral thigh; aka meralgia paresthetica
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Signs of injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum?
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limb ataxia, intention tremor, dysarthria
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Signs of injury to median nerve at carpal tunnel?
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paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4
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Signs of injury to median nerve at elbow?
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severe weakness in forearm flexion, paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4
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Signs of injury to Meyer's loop?
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upper quadrant homonymous hemianopsia
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Signs of injury to middle cerebellar peduncle?
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ipsialateral limb ataxia
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Signs of injury to musculocutaneous nerve in axilla?
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decreased bicep reflex, weakness in flexion at elbow, supination, sonsory loss along lateral forearm
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Signs of injury to optic chiasm?
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bitemporal hemianopsia
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Signs of injury to optic nerve/retina?
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IL visual loss, can affect both temporal and nasal hemifield
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Signs of injury to optic tract?
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contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
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Signs of injury to posterior columns?
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IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration
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Signs of injury to radial nerve in axilla?
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paralyzed triceps, decreased triceps reflex, decreased brachioradialis reflex, wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand
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Signs of injury to radial nerve with midshaft humeral fracture?
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wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand, triceps normal
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Signs of injury to right MLF?
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[occurs in MS!] on leftward gaze, right eye does not adduct (convergance intact)
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Signs of injury to S1 nerve root?
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weakness in plantar flexion, eversion, hip extension, decreased achilles reflex, sensory loss over posterior leg, digits 3-5
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Signs of injury to S2 nerve root?
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weakness in toe flexion, decreased anal wink, sensory loss over posterior thigh, perineum
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Signs of injury to spinothalamic tract?
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CL loss of pain and temperature
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Signs of injury to superficial fibular nerve?
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weakness in eversion, sensory loss over dorsum of foot
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Signs of injury to superior gluteal nerve?
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Trendelenburg sign: pelvis drops to good side during gait, paralysis of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata
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Signs of injury to T1 nerve root?
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weakness in finger ab/adduction, sensory loss over medial forearm/arm
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Signs of injury to the corticobulbar tract in the right internal capsule?
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left, lower facial paralysis; tongue points away from lesion
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Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in cervical spinal cord on the right?
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right, UMN signs
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Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in the right internal capsule?
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left, UMN signs
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Signs of injury to the reticular formation?
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coma
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Signs of injury to the right abducens nerve?
|
IL CN VI palsy, cannot abduct eye
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Signs of injury to the tibial nerve in tarsal tunnel?
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weakness in intrinsic foot muscles, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot
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Signs of injury to tibial nerve in popliteal fossa?
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weakness in plantar flexion, toe flexion, weakness in intrinsic foot muscle, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot
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Signs of injury to ulnar nerve at cubital tunnel?
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weakness in flexion of digits 4 and 5, sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar and dorsal), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, slight ulnar claw
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Signs of injury to vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)?
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truncal ataxia, nystagmus
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Signs of intramedullary tumor/central cord syndrome?
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sensory loss, sacral sparring of motor function; maybe bowel/bladder disturbances
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Signs of Kluvy-Bucy syndrome?
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placid, visual agnosia, hyperorality
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Signs of Korsakoff syndrome?
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amnesia, confabulation with short term memory intact
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Signs of lesion to lower roots of brachial plexus?
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Klumpke palsy, complete claw, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm
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Signs of lesion to upper roots of brachial plexus?
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Erb-Duchenne palsy, decreased biceps + brachioradialis reflexes; arm is medial rotated and extended [cant abduct, laterally rotate of flex at elbow], sensory loss over lateral arm
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Signs of LH or FSH secreting adenoma?
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hypogonadism and infertility
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Signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
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wet [incontinent], wacky [mental decline] and wobbly [gait difficulties]
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Signs of Parkinson disease?
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bradykinesia, pill-rolling tremor, masked facies, postural instability
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Signs of piriformis syndrome?
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decreased achilles reflex, weakness in knee flexors, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, sensory loss over lateral leg, lateral malleolus, dorsum of foot
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Signs of prolactin-secreting adenoma?
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amenorrhea in females; hypogonadism in men; galactorrhea, infertility, hair loss, decreased libido, weight gain
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Signs of Ramsay Hunt syndrome?
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IL facial paralysis, hyperacusis, loss of taste, herpes vesicles on external ear, canal
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Signs of SIADH?
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concentrated urine with osmolality > 300 mosm/L
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Signs of spinal cord transection at C6?
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LMN signs at C6 (brachioradialis), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below C6
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Signs of spinal cord transection at L4?
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LMN signs at L4 (quads), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below L4
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Signs of thalamic hemorrhage?
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CL sensory loss, CL homonymous hemianopsia
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Signs of thoracic outlet syndrome?
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weakness in intrinsic hand muscles, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm
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Signs of tonsillar herniation?
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respiratory and cardiovascular arrest
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Signs of ulnar nerve injury at Guyon's tunnel?
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sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar only), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, ulnar claw
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Signs of uncal herniation?
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CN III palsy, UMN signs, papilledema
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Signs sof Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
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ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and disturbances of mentation and consciousness
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Site of horizontal gaze center?
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pons
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Site of vertical gaze center?
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midbrain
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Skin innervated by CN V?
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face [V1 - forehead, upper eyelid + nose; V2 - cheek, lower eyelid, upper lip; V3 - jaw, lower lip]
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Skin innervated by CN VII, IX and X?
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small area around ear
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Strokes that can lead to Horner syndrome?
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lateral medullary, cervical spinal cord
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Structure affected in Korsakoff syndrome?
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mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus
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Structure at floor of 4th ventricle?
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pons [facial colliculus], medulla [hypoglossal trigone]
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Structure comprising the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?
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caudate nucleus
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Structure damaged in alexia without agraphia?
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left splenium of corpus callosum
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Structure damaged in epidural hematoma?
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middle meningeal artery
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Structure damaged in subarachnoid hemorrage?
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vessels in or around the circle of willis
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Structure damaged in subdural hematome?
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bridging veins
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Structure infected in herpes zoster?
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posterior root ganglion
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Structure injured in Adie's pupil?
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ciliary ganglion
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Structure injured in contralateral neglect?
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right parietal lobe
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Structure(s) comprising the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle?
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thalamus, hypothalamus
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Structures in the Papez circuit?
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hippocampus, mamillary body (via fornix), ant nuc of thalamus, cingulate cortex
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Structures innervated by posterior rami?
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deep back muscles and overlying skin
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Three causes of ptosis?
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CN III palsy, Horner syndrome, myasthenia gravis
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Three components of the near triad?
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convergance of eyes, pupillary constriction, contraction of ciliary muscle
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Upper motor neuron (UMN) signs?
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hemiparesis, increase muscle stretch reflexes, + Babinski sign, spasticity
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Viscera innervated by CN III?
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sphincter pupillar, ciliary muscle
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Viscera innervated by CN IX?
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parotid gland, mucosa of middle ear
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Viscera innervated by CN VII?
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nasal cavity, oral cavity, submandibular, sublingual glands
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Viscera innervated by CN X?
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larynx, pharynx, foregut, midgut
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Visual deficits in PCA stroke affecting calcarine sulcus?
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contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, with macular sparring
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What are signs of cerebellar injury?
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ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadokinesia, nystagmus, dysarthria
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What CN decussates before exiting the brainstem?
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CN IV
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What is Marcus Gunn pupil?
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optic nerve lesion, when light is shown into bad eye, pupil appears to dilate
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What is presbycusis?
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age-related hearing loss, high frequencies lost first
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What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome?
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herpes infection in the geniculate ganglion
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What is Wilson disease?
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inbron error of copper metabolism; Kayser- Fleischer rings; wing-beating tremor, rigidity
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What structures comprise the basal ganglia [nuclei]?
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caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus of Meynert
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Where does the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway decussate?
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rostral medulla
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Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
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anterior white commissure, spinal cord, all levels
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Where is Broca's area? Function?
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left inferior frontal gyrus; expressive speech
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Where is Wernicke's area? Function?
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left supramarginal, angular, superior temporal gyri; receptive speech
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