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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fast excitatory NT?
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glutamate
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Fast inhibitory NT?
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GABA
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What receptor(s) does glutamate bind, and what type of receptors are they?
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AMPA/kinate OR NMDA; ionotropic receptors (receptors are actually part of ion channel)
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How does glut-AMPA/kinate binding excite the cell?
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Na enters, and some K exits
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How does glut-NMDA binding excite the cell?
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allows Na AND Ca to enter (which can activate Ca dependent 2nd messanger systems)
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What ion blocks the NMDA receptor, and under what conditions does it block/unblock?
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Mg -> "voltage dependent Mg block"
blocks when hyperpolarized, unblocks when cell depolarizes |
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What receptor(s) does GABA bind?
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GABA(A) and GABA(B)
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How does GABA-GABA(A) binding elicit an inhibitory response?
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GABA(A) is an ion channel that lets Cl into the cell, hyperpolarizing it
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How does GABA-GABA(B) binding elicit an inhibitory response?
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GABA(B) act through G-protein to activate K channels (let K out = hyperpolarize)
*responsible for slow/late inhibitory PSPs* |
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Does GABA ALWAYS hyperpolarize the cell? Why?
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NO. If the cell membrane potential is initially NEGATIVE to the reversal potential of GABA(A)(-75mV) or GABA(B)(-115mV), GABA will slightly depolarize the cell, but it is still inhibitory b/c it resists mvt towards the activation potential threshold
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What are the main neuromodulatory NTs?
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Ach, 5HT, NE, DA, histamine
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What do neuromodulators do?
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change the firing pattern and/or excitability of neurons
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What are the equilibrium potentials of Ca, Na, Cl, K?
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Ca: +125mV
Na: +60mV Cl: -75mV K: -100mV |
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In what disease is there depleted ACh levels?
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Alzheimer's
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What NT is known as the prolactin-inhibiting factor?
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DA
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Where are the two main places in the brain that is DA found?
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arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the SNpc/ventral tegmental area
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Which DA receptor serves an excitatory function?
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D1 (activates AC)
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Which DA receptor serves an inhibitory function?
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D2 (inhibits AC)
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What receptors do antipsychotics block?
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D2
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What disease is characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons?
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Parkinson's
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Where are norepinephrinergic neurons found in the highest concentration?
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Locus ceruleus of the midbrain and pons
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What is the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders?
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reduced NE activity is related to depression and increased NE activity is related to mania
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Which NT plays a role in anxiety states?
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NE
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Where are 5HT neurons found?
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raphe nuclei
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What is the permissive serotonin hypothesis?
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decreased 5HT activity causes depression and insomnia, increased levels cause mania
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Dysfunction of what NT is thought to underlie OCD?
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5HT
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What receptors to SSRIs block?
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5HT(IA) and 5HT(2)
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