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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
There are two types of memory with respect to conscious/ unconscious. Name them and differentiate which one requires the medial temporal lobe.
Declarative (available to consciousness) and nondeclarative (generally not available to consciousness)

Declarative requires medial temporal lobe integrity.
There are three types of memory in terms of length time. Name each:

A. fractions of a second-seconds
B. seconds-minutes
C. days-years
A. immediate memory
B. working memory
C. long term memory
____________ is the transfer of immediate or short-term memory to long-term memory.
Memory consolidation.

Priming may provide insight into this process. Priming is a change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same or related stimulus.
_________is an unconscious mechanism where we use information from previous exposures to do something even though we’re not aware we are using info from previous exposure.
Priming

note: Priming also can be unreliable. Interestingly, priming is “resistant” to brain injury, aging and dementia. Therefore, no information about priming mechanisms can be gleaned from patients and priming cannot be used to identify dysfunctional brain regions.
True or False:
Interestingly, priming is “resistant” to brain injury, aging and dementia. Therefore, no information about priming mechanisms can be gleaned from patients and priming cannot be used to identify dysfunctional brain regions.
True
[ Classical / Operant ] conditioning is the pairing or association of an unrelated stimulus with no innate importance (conditioned response) with a valuable stimulus (unconditioned response) that produces a behavioral response. Following pairing, the unrelated conditioned response presented on its own elicits the unconditioned response behavior through its previous association.
Classical conditioning.

ex. Pavlov's dogs
[ Classical / Operant ] conditioning is a conditioning paradigm where an animal is trained to perform a task in order to receive a reward. This results in an increased probability that the behavioral response will occur.
Operant

ex. Skinner box with rats or pigeons that gets a pellet when they pull a lever
________ conditioning causes a previously unrelated insignificant stimulus to produce (predict) a behavior associated with rewarding stimulus.
___________ conditioning increases the probability of eliciting a behavioral response by associating that behavior with a reward.
Classical ; Operant
What is ESSENTIAL for the formation of long term memories?
Hippocampus is crucial for the formation of long term memories, that is not where the long term memories are stored!

Other structures that are also important: its associated subcortical structures the mammillary bodies and the mid dorsal thalamus.
True or False:

The hippocampus is essential for the formation of long-term memories but not for their storage or recall.
True

Storage of declarative memories appears to be distributed over the neocortex as demonstrated by lesion studies in rodents.
In humans, ECT (electro-compulsive therapy) also causes retrograde amnesia but can be reduced by restricting ECT to one hemisphere.
Where do the long term memories reside?
Need to have a significant portion of the cerebral cortex to have long term memory loss. Specific widespread regions of the neocortex that encode multisensory information (associational cortex) may be sites for memory storage.
They have significant connectivity with the hippocampus.
Damage to some regions impair memory retrieval e.g. temporal lobe damage causes the inability to recognize objects and/or faces.
Nondeclarative memory is affected by damage to:

A. medial temporal lobe and midline diencephalic structures
B. basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory associational cortices and cerebellum
B. basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory associational cortices and cerebellum

(Individuals with Huntington's and Parkinsons both show motor skill learning impairment.)
Acquisition and storage of nondeclarative information short-term memory storage sites:

A. are the hippocampus and related structures
B. are unknown sites but presumably widespread
C. are cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behavior
D. are a variety of cortical sites: Wernicke's area, temporal cortex, etc.
B. are unknown sites but presumably widespread
Acquisition and storage of nondeclarative information with regards to long term storage:

A. are the hippocampus and related structures
B. are unknown sites but presumably widespread
C. are cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behavior
D. are a variety of cortical sites: Wernicke's area, temporal cortex, etc.
C. are cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behavior
Acquisition and storage of declarative information with regards to long term storage:

A. are the hippocampus and related structures
B. are unknown sites but presumably widespread
C. are cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behavior
D. are a variety of cortical sites: Wernicke's area, temporal cortex, etc.
D. are a variety of cortical sites: Wernicke's area, temporal cortex, etc.
Acquisition and storage of declarative information with regards to short term storage:

A. are the hippocampus and related structures
B. are unknown sites but presumably widespread
C. are cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behavior
D. are a variety of cortical sites: Wernicke's area, temporal cortex, etc.
A. are the hippocampus and related structures
How does brain volume, weight, neuronal number and synapse number change with age, if any?
Aging is associated with impairments in mental function including memory. However there is only a slight decrease in brain volume and weight with age and no loss in neuronal number. There is a decrease in synapse number consistent with synaptic plasticity being a cellular model of memory.
True or False:

Loss of memory with aging can be compensated by the utilization of regions of the brain not previously used for memory recall in youth.
True!
Alzheimer’s is the most prevalent disease contributing to senile dementia.
Associated with a build up of what two histological findings?
Amyloid plaques ad intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.