Neuro I_Wk1_Physio_General Ns

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LIst the 3 things that can passively diffuse thru the BBB

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H20
CO2
O2
FREE Steroid Hormones (most are Pr bound)

--Note: Glc does NOT readily x the BBB

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Describe the transporters necs. for Glc. in the BBB

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Glut1- insulin INdependent
--has 2 forms: (45 & 55K)
--55 on capillaries
--45K on Astroglia

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What is major ionic transporter in BBB?

moves what to where?

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Na/K/2Cl
--moves ions from CSF to Blood

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Expression of Na/K/2Cl is reg by what?

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Endothelin (ET)1 and 3
--production tied to signal from the astrocytes

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What chemical may be related to signaled production of ET

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[K+]csf

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What is resp. for moving drugs that may have x the BBB back to the blood?

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P-glycoprotein
---can move a broad variety of molecules out of CSF

--like MDR-1 in GI

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3 Mjr Fxn of BBB

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1. Maintain E+ composition
--Maintain Vm of cells, particularly with K+
2. PRotect from toxins
3. Prevent Escape of NTs

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Where is there No or minimal BBB

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Circumventricular Organs
--ie, impt to have places where brain is in contact with blood as it relates to GI contents to know to puke or drink water

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What are the 4 Circumventricular Organs that do not have much BBB

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1. Post. Pituitary (PP) --aka Neurohypophysis
2. Area Postrema
3. Organ Vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)
4. Subfornical Organ

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Why does PP have modified neural tissue

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So it can release hormones into blood and determine amt. of Hs in blood

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Where is the Area Postrema

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in brain stem/medulla
--right on medullary surface (medial DRG in respiratory control)

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What is common response of Area Postrema

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Vomiting,
--ie, nicotine in blood, goes on this tissue

--other regions cause vomiting too

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What are OVLT and Subfornical Organs impt for?

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Surrounding the Ventricles, they are involved in body Water
--thirst, blood volume (angiotensin)

note: these 2 organs usually mentioned together

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What is the usual amt. of CSF in brain and spinal cord?

amt. made per day?

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150mL at any moment

Not recirculated, makes ~550mL/day

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What tissue makes 50-70% of CSF

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Choroid Plexus
--tufts of vascular tissue w/in the Ventricles themselves
--high surface area

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What tissue makes remaining amt. of CSF

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Tissue lining inside of Ventricles themselves

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What is impt. note for CSF production?

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Prod. of CSF is constant over a wide range of intracranial pressures.
--ie, if problem absorbing, will keep making = Hydrocephalus

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What chems. have similar [] in Blood as in CSF

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Na+
Bicarb
Cl-


note: CSF more acidic--no Pr to buffer, so H+ have more sway

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What chems are in higher [] in CSF than in Blood?

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Mg++ --player in neural game
CO2 (not pumped, just many active neurons make it)
Creatinine

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What chems are in Lower [] in CSF than in Blood? (3)

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K+ (low in plasma, even lower in CSF)
Ca++ (can kill neurons, tho they use it all the time)
Protein

-inorgPO4

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GAP--flow and absorption of CSF

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GAPPP

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What a

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what

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what

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a

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What are resp. for absorbing the CSF

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Arachnoid Villi
--then, from the villi -->
--CSF enters the Venous Sinuses by bulk flow

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What is role of CSF with brain buoyancy?

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Weights 1400g in air
--50g in CSF
--without it, much inertia, reduces torque on brain with mvmt

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Moving on TO??

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Presynaptic Inhibition
--most prevalent in Sensory Pathways--tells neighboring neurons they can chill out/not be involved
---involved in other types of neuro too

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What is traditional IPSP

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Gaba or Glycine NT released from Pre-Syn causes Dendrite (post syn. to fill with Cl-

just fyi

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Describe Pre-Synaptic Ibx

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Special case of ibx
Axo-Axonal Synapse***
The Post0Syn Cell is a Pre-Synaptic Terminal**** (impt)

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32 to 38

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When "Neuron C" is active, Ca released intracell in Neuron C to release What?

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GABA
--goes to Neuron A
--

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What does GABA do on Nueron A?

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Activatess a Chloride Conductance into Neuron A
--Hyperpolarizes Neuron A

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What is result of HyperPol of Neuron A

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Less Ca++ enters Pre-Syn Terminal of Neuron A = less NT released from Neuron A to Neuron B/Cleft

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How does HyperPol of Neuron A do this?

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Hyper Pol = les

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last few slides

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last few slides

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Moving on to Lecture 2 on

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Neurotransmitters

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Acetylcholine = ACh
-Location? (3)
--storage?

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Thalamus, Cortex, The Striatum
--found in CLEAR vesicles as opp. to granular ves.

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How is ACh moved into Vessicles

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VAcht
--a protein
--V= vessicular
--t = transport

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Where is the Acetycholinesterase (AChEst.) located

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bound to Post-Synaptic Cell Membranes
--become Acetate and Choline

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Receptors for ACh. called?
Types?

Which is for Neuronal

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Muscarinic -4-5 diff types
Serpentine Receptor (1 large gene)
G-Protein coupled

M1 (neuronal)

{M2: cardiac M3: similar....etc}

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What does M1 (neuronal) do?

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Increases IP3/DAG

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What does inc of IP3/DAG do as a muscarinic receptor for ACh?

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Inc Ca++

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What is other type of ACh receptor?

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Nicotinic Rec.
--has 5 subunits

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Where are the Nicotinic Rec. located?

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NMJ
Autonomic Ganglia
--Other Parts of the CNS

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What is fxn. of Nicotinic Rec.

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are ionotropic an allow for Sodium Entrance
--some allow a significant amt. of Ca+ influx too

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Next NT:
Monoamines, which are?

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All those NTs created by modifying Single Amino Acid

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What are the 3 catecholamine Monoamines?

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Epineph (adr)
Norepi (noradr)
Dopamine

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List two other monoamine NTs

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Serotonin
Histamine

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Where is NorEpi found?

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Locus Ceruleus
Other Pontine/Medullary Areas

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Where is Epi Found

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Medulla
---some debate if its actually a NT in the brain, but def. is in the PNS

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from what are Epi and Norepi derived?

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Tyrosine

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What is progression from Tyrosine to Epi/Norepi

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Tyrosine --> dopamine --> norepi --> epi

--thus, you get dopamine and Norepi from the Adrenal when its trying to make Epi primarily

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What is enzyme for conversion of tyrosine?

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Tyrosine Hydroxylase

conv of Tyro to dopamine is rate limiting

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slides 13-16

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13-16

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What do Monoamines Epi and NorEpi bind to?

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a-adrenergic
b-adrenergic

--both are serpentine receptors

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Moving on to Dopamine (DOPA)
Location

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Basal Ganglia (motor pathway)
Hypothalamus &
Limbic System (emotional)