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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do neural cells become?
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sensory neurons of the ganglia of spinal nerve postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system schwann cell and satellite cell of the PNS
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What does the neural tube form?
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virtually the entire CNS and its cavity becomes the brain ventricular system
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What does the sulcus limitans seperate?
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the sensory and motor areas of the spinal cord and brainstem
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What does the dorsal surface of the neural tube produce vs the mesodermal notochord on ventral side produce?
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dorsal = alar plate roof plate makes bone morphogenetic protein opposes floor plate
Ventral=notochord makes SH then makes -> floor plate produces sonic hedgehog |
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What does the alar region do vs basal region?
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alar= sensory processing dorsal afferent
basal = motor neurons ventral efferent |
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what are the 3 primary vesicles and the the secondary vesicles?
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Prosencephalon (forebrain) become telencephalon (cerebral hemishphere) and diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, and other
Mesencephalon (midbrain)- becomes midbrain Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) metencephalon -> pons cerebellum Myelencephalon-> medulla |
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what cavities are associated with telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
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telencephalon- lateral ventricles
, diencephalon- third ventricle , mesencephalon cerebral aquaduct , metencephalon part of 4th ventricle , myelencephalon part of 4th ventricle and part of central canal |
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What are the three flexures? which is temporary
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Cervical bw rhombencephalon and SC ( does not persist)
Pontince inward curve on the dorsal surface b/w the metencephalon and myelencephalon ( does not persist but is important) Cephalic brainstem and forebrain and persist |
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what is craniorachischisis?
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Complete failure of the neural tube to close greek for cleft skull and spine
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what is myelomeningocele? what is usually accomponied with this malformation?
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means herniated spinal cord and meninges and is a result of the failure of the caudal neuropore to close accompanied with Arnold Chiari Malformation
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What is ARnold Chiari Malformation?
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When the cerebellum and caudal brainstem are elongated and pushed down into the foramen magnum and result in ablockage of CSF and lead to hydrocephalus
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What is Anencephaly?
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Failure of the rostral end to close and usually have part of the cerebral hemisphere missing
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How can neural tube defects be detected?
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Alpha fetoprotein can be measured and recorded as elevated in this children
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What is Holoproencephaly?
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greek meaning affecting the entire forebrain. reseults from partial or complete failure of the prosencephalon to separate into the diencephalon and the paired telencephalic vesicles fetuses have marked facial abnormalities since the signaling molecules associated with the brain are also associated with the development of the face may have one eye and rudamentry nose
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What is a gyrus?
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A fold or ridge
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Wha is a lobe
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group of gyri with similar functional characteristics
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What is a lobule?
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A smaller part of a lobe with more specificity of function
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What is a sulcus
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A groove b/w gyri
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What is a fissure
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a large sulcus
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What is a notch
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a landmark and may or may not be present
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What separates the two hemisphere?
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Longitudinal fissure
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What separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes?
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Lateral Sulcus (sylvian fissure)
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What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
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Central Sulcus of rolando
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Where is the calcarine Sulcus
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Medial side of hemisphere b/w occipital and parietal lobes
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What are the the gyri of the frontal lobe?
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Precentral Gyri
Superior Middle Inferior (3) Orbital, Triangular and opercular Frontal operculum Gyrus rectus |
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What sulcus is on the medial hemishphere and seperates the occipital and parietal lobes?
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Perieto-occipital sulcus
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What sulcus is above the cingulate gyrus?
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Cingulate sulcus
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What are the important Gyri of the parietal lobe?
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Laterally-
post central gyrus Superior parietal lobule Inferior parietal lobule (2 parts) Supramarginal and angular gyrus Medially, Paracentral gyrus (extension of the pre and post central gyri) Precuneus |
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What are important Gyri of the Temporal Lobe?
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Superior Gyri
Medial Gyri inferior Temporal Gyri Transverse temporal gyri Occipitotemporal gyrus |
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What are the gyri of the occipital lobe
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Lateral occipital gyri
Cuneus Lingual Gyrus |
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What are the gyri of the limbic lobe
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Cingulate Gyri
Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Uncus |
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What is the main gustatory ( taste area) cortex?
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insular cortex
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does the insular cortex contain long and short gyri?
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Yes
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What is the pars operculum part of ? (deep )
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Insula
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What is Broca's area? What is the broadmans number?
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Broca's area is also involved in syntax which involves the ordering of words, and morphology-the allomorphs at the ends of words e.g., hat+s=hats. 44 & 45
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What is the broadmans area for the precentral gyrus ? fxn?
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Area 4 primary loacation of upper motor neurons (UMN) that initiate conscious motor activity ; fine control of smaller muscles
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What is the broadmans area for the Premotor cortex? fxn?
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6, posterior part of superior and middle frontal gyri, contains upper motors neurons that initiate motor control of large muscles also slwer motor activity also an area for planning motor activity (supplementary motor area medial hemisphere in front of area 6)
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What is Brocas aphasia?
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Produce few words with difficulty Upper motor Neuron to muscles of larynx tongue and mouth but they can understand things
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What is the broadmans area for the frontal eye field? fxn?
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Contains UMN that initiate voluntary eye movement (8)
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What is the broadmans area for the Prefrontal cortex? fxn?
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Remainder of frontal cortex. It is responsible for personality, insightm foresightm and judgment
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What is the broadmans area for the Postcentral gyrus ? fxn?
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(3-1-2) primary sensory cortex this area directly receives tactile and somatosensory input. This is initial processing center,
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What is the broadmans area for the superior parietal lobule? fxn?
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Sensory association cortex - involved in the integration of various sensory modalities
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What is the broadmans area for the Supramarginal and Angular Gyri ? fxn?
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49 and 39- some consider fxnally included with area 22 )superior temporal gyrus - Wernicke's area involved in formulation of the written and spoken language
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What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
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Can speak and write but the language is incoherent, deficient in comprehension of language
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What broadman area is the primary auditory cortex?
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41
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What is the broadmans area for the Superior Temporal Gyrus? fxn?
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Transverse temporal gyrus of heschl is buried in the lateral sulcus (area 41 and 42 which is surrounded by area 22
the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (22) in wernickes area involved in the formulation of language |
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What is the broadmans area for Cuneus and lingual gyrusthe ? fxn?
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The primary visual cortex (17) found on the bacnks of the calcarine sulcus surrounding area 17 in the visual association cortex which facilitiates recognition and appreciation of the image
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What is the limbic lobe involved in ? what is it made up of?
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composed of the cingulate gyrus and isthmus, parahippocampal gyrus and uncus and it is involved in
Short term memory learning Drive related behavior Emotions |
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What is the diencephalon
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Small part of the brain 30 g 2 % total brain. It is a major relay center for all sensory system and it is involved in every fxn. Some fxn is emotion, limbic. has multiple divisions
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What are the divisions of the diencephalon?
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Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, subthalamus, metathalamus, dorsal thalamus ( aka thalamus)
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What is the role and location of Hypothalamus
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Endocrine and limbic fxn maintains homeostasis (located lower than thalamus)
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What is the role and location of Epithalamus
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Upper limbic system consist of 3 main parts
1 peneal gland 2. Hebenular nucleus 3. Stria Medullaris thalami |
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What is the role and location of Subthalamus?
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Located bw hypothalamus and pons part of constant motor system
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What is the role and location of Metathalamus
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Medial geniculate body- important in auditory system takes it to area 41 frontal temporal and lateral geniculate body Relay center for optical love relays to broadman area 17 lingual and cuneus are
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What does a lesion of the subthalamus lead to?
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Violent balistic movement
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What is the role and location of thalamus
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AKA Dorsal thalamus contains about 100 nuclei 8-10 important
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What does the paneal gland do?
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BRAIN SAND in human secretes mlatonin and establishes sacadian rhythm after the age of 18 forms Ca CO3 crystal which helps in radiological markers
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What are the boundries of the diencephalon?
1. Anterior? 2. Posterior? 3. LAteral? 4. Medial? 5. Inferior? |
1. Anterior-Lamina Terminalis
2. Posterior- Mamillary bodies and pineal gland 3. Lateral- posterior limb of internal capsal 4. Medial 3rd ventricle 5. Inferior- Optic chiasm, tuber cinereum and mamillary bodies |
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What are the 31 segments of the spinal cord?
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8 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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What is it called when a certain segment of nerve innervates a skin terratory?
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Dermatome
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What are the two enlargment of the spinal cord
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cervical enlargement (c5-t1) and lumbosacral elargement (l2-s3)
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What is the remnant of the embryonic neural tube? what does it transverse?
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Central Canal transverses the spinal cord from 4th ventricle to 4-5 mm into the filum terminale
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What comes out of the anterolateral sulcus? what comes out of the posterolateral sulcus?
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Ventral rootlets and dorsal rootlets respectively
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What part of the SC is grey mater
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the butterfly
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What enters the SC that is Afferent and where?
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Marginal Zone in the dorsal horn
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What does the substantia gelatinosa cary?
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2nd order neurons carrying pain and temp info
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What does the intermediate zone contain?
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both afferent and efferent neurons and certain parts of the SC has projections called lateral horn usually t1-l3 intermediolateral nucleas ( preganglionic sympathetic Nuc), s2-s4,(parasympathetic nucleus)
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What does the ventral anterior horn contain?
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Lower motor neurons
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where is grey matter largest and why?
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cervical and lumbosacral b/c of the need for the innervation of the limbs
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How is the grey matter arranges?
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10 layers called Rexed Laminae b/c they have similar fxn
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WHat are the important rexed laminae numbers?What do they do?
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II, VII, IX
II-Substanta Gelatanosa- 2nd order sensory neurons for pain and temp VII- Intermediate Zone- 2 parts intermediolateral nucleus -> preganglionic sympathetic neurons and then the sacral parasymp. nuc.- pregang PS neurons IX- c5-cc1-lower motor neurons -> somatic motor innervation to skeletal muscles |
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What is the role of White matter in the SC
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myelinated fibers that have columns funiculi which convey info to and from the brain
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WHat are the 3 colums of white mater? what is their role?
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Posterior- fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus and is somatotopically organized
Lateral - lateral corticospinal tract, ant. and port spinocerebellar tracts, lateral spinothalamic tract( anterolateral system) Anterior- ant. conticospinal tract, anterior spinothalamic tract |
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How is sensory processing of the spinal cord fxn?
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The central projection of 1st order afferent neurons in DRG enter cord via dorsal roots and end in ipsilateral side where they synaps of rexed #2which is the 2nd order neurons or they can ascend directly to the medulla
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What in the fxn of the conscious motor part of the SC
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located in the ventral horn ( lamina IX) axons leave the cord via ventral roots
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WHat is the fxn of the Autonomic motor in SC
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the pregang autonomic neurons are located in the lateral horn (lamina VII)
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What are the two types of reflexes?
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Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic. 1st one is simpler
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What does Monosunaptic reflex do?
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like patellar reflex so you have a signal goes to afferent nerve which then enters SC then synapses on Efferent neuron which then leaves SC and causes muscle/ organ to become excited
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What is involved with a polysynaptic reflexe?
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What most reflexes are they intergrate multiple things unually a skin pain of temp receptor gets activated the goes to afferant neuron which goes to SC which then involves several cord segments which then depending of what got stimulated that muscles/ organ get an efferent reponse back
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What are clear vesicles usually ?
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Inhibitory
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How is NT release initiated ?
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Ca+ mediated scretion
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What type of receptors are Nicotinic and muscarinic?
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Nic- LGIC-excitatory Mus- GPCR-inhibitory
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is seratonin Ligan gated or g protein?
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ligand gated
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What is the major location for seratonin?
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Raphe Nuclei
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What is the major sites for dopamine release?
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Substantia Nigra, Ventral Tegmental area, hypothalamus retina
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what area releases norepinephrine?
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sympathetic ganglia, locus ceruleus, reticular formations
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What does leptomeninges involve?
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THe inflammation of the arachniod and pia and can be caused by either viral or bacterial. enter via choroid plexus
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What does the superior sagital sinus drain into?
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right transverse sinus
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What does the straight sinus usually drain into?
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left transverse sinus
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What do the transverse sinuses drain into ?
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THe sigmoid sinuses and then the internal jug
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What artery supplies the meniges and bones?
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Middle meningeal A off maxillary A which also branches off the opthalmic, occipital and vertebral
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What is the primary inneration of the dura?
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Trigeminal except the posterior which is innervated by the vagus and c2 c3
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Where does a hematoma occur? two types what are they and how are they caused and where are they confined to?
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Between the periosteum and the skull ( epidural hematoma) caused by tearing of the meningeal artery. If the cerebral vein tears then in penetrates the arachnoid and enter dural sinus leading to a subdural hematoma
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What is a maningioma? are they benign?
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it is a tumor that develops from cells of the arachnoid villi which are benign but if they continue to grow can cause brain damage due to compression
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What neurons are sensory
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DRG
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What are the types of supportive cells?
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Oligodendroglial cells, astrocytic, microglial, ependymal cells, schwann cells
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What are the parts of the brain?
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cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem,
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What does blockage of the collosomarginal Artery result in ?
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Motor deficits in the lower extremitis
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What vessels are associates with hypertensive hemorrhage?
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Lenticulostriate vessels
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what artery is known as the artery of stroke and what are the symptoms?
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Middle Cerebral Artery and it supplies the pre and postcentral gyri , pars triangularis and opercular, angular branches, superior temporal gyrus and RESULTS IN SENSORIMOTOR DEFICITS TO THE FACE AND UPPERLIMP AND APHASIA`
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What causes an ischemic stroke?
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thrombus or embolus and infarct a certain area
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What is a transient ischemic attack?
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Caused by minute embolus and the neurological defect lasts a very short tim
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What vein drain into the superior sagittal sinus?
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superior group of the superficial vein
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WHat vein drain into the transverse sinus?
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The inferior group of the superficial vein
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what forms the Great Vein of Galen which then runs to the straight dural sinus?
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The veins from the interventricular foramen and veins that drain the thalamus and caudate nuclei and fuse at the superior cistern
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WHat drains the inferior structures of the brain and the great vein of Galen?
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the Basal Veins of Rosenthal
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Describe the events of an epidural hemorrhage?
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Cerebral concussion - unconscious for a while then rapid recovery and the death usualy caused by MMA and sometimes CN III can be compressed which is seen as a dialated vessel
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What causes a subdural hemorrhage>
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cause by a tear in the cerebral vein slow onset and then clot formation and forgetful drowsy confused dizzy
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is caused by?
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Rupture of an intercranial artery like berry aneurysm which has blood in CSF spinal tap patients have blinding headache
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What is Cranioschishisis
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No neural tube only spinal cord have high alpha fetopreotein in maternal blood not compatible with life
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WHat is anencephaly ?
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When you have normal spinal cord but the brain fails to close so you have spilage or no formation
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What is spina bifida occulta?
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Simplest and least severe form. The vertebrate arch fails to form in certain areas so patient is normal with a tuft of hair
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Spina bifida meningocele?
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cyst on back that contains CSF spinal cord and nerves normal but dangerous b/c no protection for the spinal cord
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What in SPina bifida meningomyelocele?
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Spinal cord is displaced out dorsally becaus of a defect in the vertebral arch patient have neurological defecit but restricted to only a few areas
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WHat is spina bifida myeloschisis
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Open spinal cord neural plate does develop but does not form tube or other structures
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What are the primary vescles?
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Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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WHat are 2dary vesicles ?
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Telencephalon(2)
Diencephalon (1) Mesencephalon midbrain Metencephalon pons cerebellum Myeencephalon medulla |
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What does the lamina terminalis form?
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The Anterior commissure
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What is a holoprosencephaly?
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cyclop- forebrain does not divide so no primary vesicle division no corpus collosum, caused by a mutation in sonic hedgehog
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What is a Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
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lower part of brain stem herniate through the foramen magnum can cause hydrocephalus since CSF flow is obstructed. cerebellum and brain stem pushed through and therfore nerve tract and CN get messed up
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WHat is hydrocephalus
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Occurse when the ventricle system is obstructed and results in a build up of CSF in the brain causing the bones to thin and the head to expand. CAuses mental retardation
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What does the Alar plate give rise to?
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Dorsal roots and Afferent
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What does the Basal plate give rise to?
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The Efferent ventral side
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What does the sulcus limitans do?
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Separates the Alar and Basal plate but not in the cerebrum
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What hormones is used in the in the Alar plate/ roof plate?
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Bone morphogenetic protein to form roof plate
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WHat forms the floor plate and netrins?
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the floor plate is formed from the Notochord which releases the SH which forms floor plate which then forms basal plate
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What are the 3 flexures?
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Cervical, cephalic and pontine and only cephalic stays but the rest disappear
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What is the role of the diencephalon?
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It is involved in every fxn
it is a major relay center for all sensory systems Important in emotions, limbic Everything passes through it |
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WHat are the parts of the diencephalon?
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Hypothalamus
Epithalamus Subthalamus Metathalamus Dorsal Thalamus (thalamus) |
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Where is the Epithalamus located in relation to the thalamus and what does it do?
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Superior and is part of limbic system consists of 3 main parts pineal gland, hebenular nucleus, tertiary tract fibers stria medullaris thalami
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A lesion where leads to violent balistic movement?
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Subthalamus
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What does the hypothalamus do? What is it associated with
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Is is below the thalamus it is important in the endocrine and limbic fxn important in maintaining homeostasis and is closely associated with the pituitary gland
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What does the subthalamus do? what is it located b/w
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Located bw the hypothalamus and pons and is part of the constant motor system ( part of nucleus of the motor system
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WHat are part of the metathalamus and what do they do?
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Medial Geniculate Body- Associated with Auditory system associated w/41
LAteral Geniculate Body- part of optical relay center for optical lobe broadman 17 lingual and cuneus |
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What does the dorsal thalamus do?
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AKA THALAMUS- contains about 100 nuclei 10 important
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What are the boundries of the diencephalon?
Anterior Posterior Lateral Medial Inferior |
Anterior lamina terminalis
Posterior- mamillary bodies and pineal gland Lateral- posteropr limb of the internal capsule Medial-3rd ventricle Inferior- optic chiasm, tuber cinerium and mamillary bodies |
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What are the 5 senses?
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PTPTV
Pain Temp Proprioception Touch Vibratory sense |
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What is the fxn of the Anterior Nuclear Group?
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part of limbic system and mamillary body connection with the cingulate gyrus
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What is the fxn of the Dorsomedial Nucleus?
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DMN- Midline prefrontal cortex, used for olfactory part of Hypothalamus
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What is the fxn of the lateral nucleus
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unknown
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What is the fxn of the pulvinar
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retina/visual cortex --> superior calliculus--> pulvinar--> visual association nuclei/cortex
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what does the Ventral lateral and Ventral nuclei do?
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they take things from the cerebellum basal nuclei and from face and work together to relay to 4 and 6 which is primary motor cortex
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what does the ventral posterior lateral nuclei do?
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takes PTPTV from lower body and take it to the post central gyrus 3-1-2
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What does the ventral posterior medial nuclei do?
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Take the PTPTV from face to vpm to lateral part of the post central gyrus
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What does the centromedian nucleus do?
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Takes various input like auditory, pain, etc... and takes it to the centromedian nuc and is responsible for arousal--> important in staying alert
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What parts of the diencephalon are associated with a specific relay nuclei that connects primary motor and sensory cortex?
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MGB- primary auditory cortex
LGB- primary visual cortex VPL-PTPTV of leg VPM-PTPTV of face ATN- limbic system VA-m VL-m |
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WHat does the Medial and Lateral Geniculate bodies
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Medial is responsiple for inf. Calliculus to auditory input to MGB to transverse temporal gyri which is the primary auditory cortex
LGB- retina to optic chiasm to lgb to primary visual cortex in the calcir |
