Neuro For Medschool

Front 1

primary motor cortex is where?

Back 1

precentral gyrus

Front 2

primary sensory cortex is where?

Back 2

postcentral gyrus

Front 3

Broca and Wernicke's areas supplied by what vessel?

Back 3

Middle Cerebral artery

Front 4

What blood vessel supplies the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle?

Back 4

PICA (Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery)

Front 5

What blood vessel supplies most of the dura?

Back 5

Middle Meningeal artery

Front 6

Name the 5 vessels that make up the Circle of Willis?

Back 6

-anterior communicating

-anterior cerebral

- internal carotid

- posterior communicating

- posterior cerebral

Front 7

Great vein of Galen- in and out?

Back 7

blood in from internal cerebral veins

blood out to straight sinus

Front 8

Superior sagittal sinus recieves blood from?

Back 8

- superficial cerebral veins

- diploic veins

- parietal emissary veins

Front 9

Straight sinus is formed by?

Back 9

Great cerebral vein

Inferior sagittal sinus

Front 10

Straight sinus drains?

Back 10

superior cerebellum

Front 11

The sinus in red is the?

Back 11

Superior Sagittal sinus

Front 12

The sinus in red is the?

Back 12

Straight sinus

Front 13

The sinus in red is the?

Back 13

Inferior Sagittal sinus

Front 14

The sinus in red is the?

Back 14

Transverse sinus

Front 15

Obstruction of right carotid artery causes?

Back 15

Contralateral weakness and loss of sensation (on L side)

Front 16

Vertebral artery obstruction causes?

Back 16

visual loss (occipital lobe)
dizziness (cerebellum/ brainstem)

Front 17

Obstruction of anterior cerebral artery causes?

Back 17

loss of strength and sensation in lower body

Front 18

Obstruction of middle cerebral artery causes?

Back 18

loss of strength and sensation in upper body

Front 19

Person is totally blind. What artery could be blocked?

Back 19

Basilar artery at junction of 2 posterior cerebral arteries

Front 20

Occlusion of vertebral artery causes?

Back 20

No problem! the other vertebral artery will compensate

Front 21

What sinus does spinal fluid drain into?

Back 21

Superior Sagittal sinus
(through arachnoid granulations)

Front 22

Cavernous sinus gets blood from?

Back 22

superior and inferior opthalmic veins

Front 23

Protruding eye with dilated blood vessels could be?

Back 23

Broken carotid artery spills into cavernous sinus

Front 24

Berry aneurysms usually found where?

Back 24

Anterior Communicating artery in Circle of Willis

Front 25

Rupture of Berry aneurysm causes?

Back 25

nontraumatic subaracnoid hemorrhage

Front 26

Aneurysm of Posterior Communicating artery causes?

Back 26

3rd nerve palsy

Front 27

3rd nerve palsy symptoms?

Back 27

"down n out" eye position
mydrasis (pupil dilation)
ptosis (eyelid drooping)

Front 28

Type of hemorrhage?

Back 28

Subdural hemorrhage

Front 29

Type of hemorrhage?

Back 29

Epidural hemorrhage
(note white crescent shape)

Front 30

Type of hemorrhage?

Back 30

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 31

Where is CSF secreted from?

Back 31

choroid plexus

Front 32

Track the CSF flow from the choroid plexus (10 steps)

Back 32

1. Choroid plexus
2. Lateral ventricles
3. IV foramen
4. 3rd ventricle
5. Aqueduct of Sylvius
6. 4th ventricle
7. Middle foramen of Magendie
8. Lateral foramina of Luschka
9. Subarachnoid space
10. Superior Sagittal sinus

Front 33

Obstruction of CSF pathway leads to?

Back 33

hydrocephalus (swollen lateral ventricles)

Front 34

Subarachnoid hemorrhage feels like?

Back 34

severe neck/backache, due to blood leakage to spinal cord

Front 35

Subdural hemorrhage caused by?

Back 35

tearing of bridging veins

Front 36

Epidural hemorrhage caused by?

Back 36

Middle Meningeal artery tear

Front 37

Internal capsule is?

Back 37

funnel of motor and sensory fibers from cerebral cortex to brain stem

Front 38

What supplies the internal capsule?

Back 38

Anterior Choroidal artery
Striate arteries

Front 39

Occlusion of which area of the Circle of Willis causes unilateral blindness?

Back 39

Opthalmic artery...branch of the Internal Carotid

Front 40

You inject dye into the R carotid. How will you simultaneously fill the L anterior and middle cerebral arteries?

Back 40

Compress L carotid, forcing blood to pass to the L side through the Anterior Communicating artery

Front 41

Grey matter in brain contains?

Back 41

neuronal cell bodies and synapses

Front 42

White matter in brain contains?

Back 42

ascending and descending fiber pathways

Front 43

Ia sensory fibers?

Back 43

supply the sensory receptors in muscle

Front 44

Fine touch is conveyed by what fibers?

Back 44

Aβ afferent fibers

Front 45

Pain and temperature conveyed by what fibers?

Back 45

Aδ afferent fibers

Front 46

What sensory functions are associated with free nerve endings?

Back 46

pain, temperature, itch

Front 47

What receptor types are associated with touch?

Back 47

Merkel
Meissner
Pacinian
Ruffini

Front 48

Free nerve endings are found in what tissue?

Back 48

epidermis, dermo-epidermal layer

Front 49

Loss of free nerve endings results in?

Back 49

no pain sensation

Front 50

Light touch on fingertips, eyelids, nipples, lips, genitalia involves?

Back 50

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 51

Course touch or pressure receptors found in deep layers of skin?

Back 51

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 52

Receptor endings that appear onion-like?

Back 52

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 53

Spindle-shaped fibers in deep skin, ligaments, and tendons?

Back 53

Ruffini corpuscles

Front 54

Delicate receptors found in oropharynx and eye conjunctiva?

Back 54

Krause end bulbs

Front 55

Two-point discrimination is what?

Back 55

minimum distance required to perceive 2 simultaneously applied stimuli as distinct

Front 56

Two point discrimination is lowest where?

Back 56

fingers, lips, face

Front 57

Two point discrimination is highest where?

Back 57

legs, arms, back

Front 58

Thumb innervated by?

Back 58

C6

Front 59

Index and middle fingers innervated by?

Back 59

C7

Front 60

Ring and little fingers?

Back 60

C8

Front 61

Nipples innervated by?

Back 61

T4

Front 62

Umbilicus innervated by?

Back 62

T10

Front 63

Patella and large toe innervated by?

Back 63

L4

Front 64

Middle 3 toes and sole of foot innervated by?

Back 64

L5

Front 65

Little toe and lateral aspect of food innervated by?

Back 65

S1

Front 66

Haptics means?

Back 66

Active touching

Front 67

Being able to identify an object by manipulating it with your hand is called?

Back 67

stereognosis

Front 68

Merkel cell afferents are sensitive to what?

Back 68

points, edges, curves

Front 69

Which afferent fibers would be most active when reading Braille?

Back 69

Merkel and Meissner

Front 70

Which afferent fibers would be most active when writing, using a knife, using a wrench?

Back 70

Pacinian

Front 71

What do proprioceptors do?

Back 71

Give information about position of body in space

Front 72

2 types of endings supply the muscle spindle, called?

Back 72

Primary and secondary endings

Front 73

Primary endings (group Ia afferents) in muscle spindle?

Back 73

highly myelinated
quickly adapt to muscle length changes

Front 74

Secondary endings (group II afferents) in muscle spindle?

Back 74

sustained responses to constant muscle lengths

Front 75

Intrafusal muscles in muscle are controlled by what motor neurons?

Back 75

γ motor neurons

Front 76

γ motor neuron cell bodies are located where?

Back 76

ventral horn of spinal cord

Front 77

What receptors inform the CNS about changes in muscle tension?

Back 77

Golgi tendon organs

Front 78

Golgi tendon organs are formed by what?

Back 78

Group Ib afferents

Front 79

Where are Golgi tendon organs found?

Back 79

Around collagen fibers that form the tendons

Front 80

Cuneus is separated from lingual gyrus by what?

Back 80

calcarine sulcus

Front 81

What nerve is sensory to the dura mater?

Back 81

trigeminal nerve

Front 82

A man has:
R side flushing
R side papillary constriction
ptosis
does not sweat

Diagnosis?

Back 82

Horner's Syndrome

Front 83

Pt has LOC, draws clock with all numbers on 1 side. Where is lesion?

Back 83

Parietal lobe

Front 84

Brodmann's Area 4?

Back 84

primary motor cortex

Front 85

Brodmann's Area 1, 2, 3?

Back 85

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 86

Brodmann's Area 17?

Back 86

primary visual cortex

Front 87

Brodmann's Area 41 & 42?

Back 87

primary auditory cortex

Front 88

A lesion in the ________ would result in loss of sensation to touch and pressure in IPSILATERAL side of body?

Back 88

Dorsal root

Front 89

Substantia nigra associated with what NT?

Back 89

Dopamine

Front 90

Raphe nucleus associated with what NT?

Back 90

Serotonin

Front 91

Locus ceruleus associated with what NT?

Back 91

Norepinephrine

Front 92

Child born stillborn with enlarged posterior fossa?

Back 92

Dandy-Walker

Front 93

What is the most common cause of congenital hydrocephaly?

Back 93

Stenosis of aqueduct of sylvius

Front 94

What blood vessel supplies Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

Back 94

Middle cerebral artery

Front 95

What is EDTA mainly used for?

Back 95

Tx of severe lead poisoning

Front 96

Unique symptoms of arsenic poisoning (6)?

Back 96

severe N/V
garlic breath
heart problems
raindrop hyperpigmentation stocking-glove dysenthesia
hemoglobinuria

Front 97

Unique symptoms of mercury poisoning (3)?

Back 97

gingivostomatitis (cold sores in mouth)
hand tremors
renal damage

Front 98

Common sources of mercury?

Back 98

thermometers, swordfish, dental fillings, lamps

Front 99

Treatment of mercury poisoning?

Back 99

dimercaprol, trientine

Front 100

Unique symptoms of lead poisoning (5)?

Back 100

anemia
vomiting
abdominal pain
muscle weakness
dark deposits on gum line

Front 101

Treatment of lead poisoning?

Back 101

penicillamine, succimer for kids
EDTA for severe cases

Front 102

Where do first order neurons in the DC-ML pathway start? where do they end?

Back 102

Start: DRG

End: facilis cuneatus above T6
facilis gracilis below T6

Front 103

Where do second order neurons in the DC-ML pathway start? where do they end?

Back 103

Start: facilis cuneate/gracilis

crosses over- called medial lemniscus

End: VPL nucleus in thalamus

Front 104

Where do third order neurons in the DC-ML pathway start? where do they end?

Back 104

Start in VPL

end in somatosensory center of cerebrum (post-central gyrus)

Front 105

Ciliary body?

Back 105

Circular band of muscle surrounding lens
contraction makes lens round

Front 106

Fovea?

Back 106

Area of retina specialized for high acuity, many cones

Front 107

Lens?

Back 107

Thickens/flattens allowing light to focus on the retina

Front 108

Sclera?

Back 108

External connective tissue coat of eyeball

Front 109

Function of α1- Gq1?

Back 109

Vasoconstriction
Mydriasis
increase HR
Contract bladder and sphincter

Front 110

Function of α2- Gi?

Back 110

inhibit NT release
inhibit insulin
platelet aggregation
decrease lipolysis

Front 111

Function of β1- Gs?

Back 111

increase HR and heart contraction

Front 112

Function of β2- Gs?

Back 112

relax bronchial airways
relax uterine muscle
Vasodilation

Front 113

Function of DA1 & 5- Gs?

Back 113

dilate renal blood vessels

Front 114

Function of DA2- Gi?

Back 114

modulates NT release

Front 115

Alpha 1 agonists have what effects?

Back 115

Vasoconstriction
Mydriasis
Decrease GI motility
Contract bladder

Front 116

Name a direct acting cholinergic agonist used to treat open-angle glaucoma?

Back 116

Pilocarpine

Front 117

Name 2 α2 agonists used to treat glaucoma?

Back 117

Aproclonidine
Brimonidine

Front 118

Name 2 β2 agonists used to treat glaucoma?

Back 118

Epinephrine
Dipivefrin

Front 119

Name 2 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Back 119

Acetazolamide
Dorzolamide

Front 120

Name 2 β2 antagonists used to treat glaucoma?

Back 120

Timolol
Betaxolol

Front 121

H1 histamine receptor found where?

Back 121

smooth muscle
endothelium
CNS tissue

Front 122

H1 histamine receptor causes?

Back 122

vasodilation
bronchoconstriction
separates endothelial cells
pain, itching

Front 123

H1 histamine receptor activated with what injuries/conditions?

Back 123

allergies
insect stings
motion sickness
hives

Front 124

H2 histamine receptor causes?

Back 124

gastric acid secretion

Front 125

H3 histamine receptor causes decrease in what NT release (4)?

Back 125

histamine
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
serotonin

Front 126

Dendrites do what?

Back 126

receive signals

Front 127

Fibers that conduct action potentials?

Back 127

axons

Front 128

Are dendrites afferent or efferent?

Back 128

afferent

Front 129

Are axons afferent or efferent?

Back 129

efferent

Front 130

What forms the myelin in the PNS?

Back 130

Schwann cells wrapped around the axons

Front 131

Gap between myelinated segments?

Back 131

node of Ranvier

Front 132

Glial cells that store NT and buffer [K+] called?

Back 132

oligodendrocytes

Front 133

Phagocytic cells in CNS are called?

Back 133

microglia

Front 134

Glial cells in PNS called?

Back 134

Schwann cells

Front 135

2 types of motor/efferent fibers called?

Back 135

somatic and autonomic fibers

Front 136

Somatic fibers terminate in what tissue?

Back 136

skeletal muscle

Front 137

Autonomic fibers innervate what 4 tissues?

Back 137

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

glands

fat

Front 138

What NT is released at the motor end plate/ NMJ?

Back 138

acetylcholine

Front 139

Are sensory fibers afferent or efferent?

Back 139

afferent

Front 140

Somatic sensory fibers are found where?

Back 140

skin, muscle, bone

Front 141

Autonomic sensory fibers are found where?

Back 141

internal organs

blood vessel walls

Front 142

What tissue in ventricles makes CSF?

Back 142

choroid plexus

Front 143

Dorsal root composed of?

Back 143

sensory/afferent fibers

Front 144

Ventral root composed of?

Back 144

motor/efferent fibers

Front 145

Sensory neuron cell bodies found where?

Back 145

dorsal root ganglia

Front 146

At the intervertebral foramen, dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form what?

Back 146

spinal nerve

Front 147

More white matter is found in what region of the spinal cord?

Back 147

cervical region

Front 148

Lateral horn grey found in what region of spinal cord?

Back 148

thoracic and upper lumbar

Front 149

Ventral horns are larger in what region of the spinal cord?

Back 149

cervical and lumbosacral enlargement

Front 150

Why is the lumbosacral enlargement so large?

Back 150

contains cell bodies to innervate lower limb muscles

Front 151

What are laminae?

Back 151

layers of grey matter extending length of cord

Front 152

Red area in spinal cord picture is?

Back 152

Substancia gelatinosa

Front 153

Area outlined in red is?

Back 153

Dorsal funiculus

Front 154

Area in red is the?

Back 154

Spinothalamic tract

Front 155

Area in red is the?

Back 155

Dorsothalamic tract of Lissauer

Front 156

This section is from what level of the spinal cord?

Back 156

Lumbar

(large ventral horns)

Front 157

What lesion causes this visual field?

Back 157

Right optic nerve lesion

Front 158

What lesions causes this visual field?

Back 158

Lesion through optic chiasm

(bitemporal hemianopsia)

Front 159

What lesion causes this visual field?

Back 159

A lesion in the right optic tract

(contralateral hemianopsia)

Front 160

What lesion causes this visual field?

Back 160

Lesion of optic radiation fibers curving into Meyer's loop

(upper contralateral quadrantic anopsia)

Front 161

What lesion causes this visual field?

Back 161

Lesion is in upper bank of calcarine sulcus

Front 162

What lesion causes this visual field?

Back 162

Lesion is in lower bank of calcarine sulcus

Front 163

This visual field, together, results in what kind of vision?

Back 163

Tunnel vision

Front 164

At the optic chiasm, what fibers cross?

Back 164

NASAL fibers cross

TEMPORAL fibers do not cross

Front 165

Macular splitting can occur where?

Back 165

before or after the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Front 166

Macular sparing is commonly found where?

Back 166

Lesions beyond the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Front 167

What is the lamina in the most dorsal part of the dorsal horn?

Back 167

Lamina I

Front 168

Lamina II corresponds to what?

Back 168

substantia gelatinosa

Front 169

Substantia gelatinosa receives what information?

Back 169

pain and temperature afferents

Front 170

Failure of posterior neural tube closure?

Back 170

spina bifida

Front 171

Failure of anterior neural tube closure?

Back 171

anencephaly

Front 172

What is the location of resting membrane potentials?

Back 172

positive (+) charges outside of cell

negative (-) charges inside cell

Front 173

An increase in resting membrane potential, causing more negative charge?

Back 173

hyperpolarization

Front 174

A decrease in resting membrane potential causing more positive charge?

Back 174

depolarization

Front 175

Why is resting membrane potential negative?

Back 175

outside of cell = 0, so inside is negative in comparison

Front 176

The neuron lipid bilayer stores charges, acting as a ________?

Back 176

capacitor

Front 177

Depolarization followed by repolarization is called?

Back 177

action potential

Front 178

Depolarization causes?

Back 178

Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels, becomes more permeable to Na+

Front 179

Small depolarization after stimulation of presynaptic exitatory neuron?

Back 179

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

Front 180

Transient hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane after stimulation of presynaptic inhibitory neuron?

Back 180

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Front 181

NT binding causes depolarization and hyperpolarization of what receptors?

Back 181

ionotropic

Front 182

General somatic afferent (GSA) fibers carry?

Back 182

pain, temperature, touch, proprioception from skin, muscle, joints

Front 183

General visceral afferent (GVA) fibers carry?

Back 183

pain, temperature, touch, proprioception from organs

Front 184

General somatic efferent (GSE) fibers carry?

Back 184

motor fibers to skeletal muscle

Front 185

General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers carry?

Back 185

pre- and post-ganglionic autonomic fibers

Front 186

Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies found?

Back 186

intermediolateral column in lamina VII from T1-L2,3

Front 187

Preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies found?

Back 187

Lamina VII in sacral spinal cord

Front 188

Flaccid paralysis, weak/absent deep tendon reflexes, hypotonia are typical of lesions where?

Back 188

lower motor neuron lesions

Front 189

6 symptoms of lower motor neuron cell damage?

Back 189

1. flaccid paralysis or paresis (weakness)

2. areflexia

3. hypotonia

4. atrophy

5. fibrillation

6. fasciculation

Front 190

Muscle contraction is normally an effective stimulus for this receptor?

Back 190

Golgi tendon organ

Front 191

What forms the Golgi tendon organ?

Back 191

terminals of Ib primary afferent fibers wrapped around muscle tendon

Front 192

What activates the Golgi tendon organ?

Back 192

muscle stretch and muscle contraction

Front 193

Viral disease that attacks lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord?

Back 193

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Front 194

Symptoms of polio?

Back 194

flu-like symptoms followed by flaccid paralysis

Front 195

Patient complains of sudden muscle weakness and sensory loss. Increases in intensity and frequency, then suddenly disappears. Diagnosis?

Back 195

Multiple sclerosis

Front 196

Signs of multiple sclerosis?

Back 196

sudden attacks of paresis, vision loss, that partially clear

Front 197

Bilateral loss of pain and temperature
ipsilateral flaccid paralysis leading to spastic paralysis?

Back 197

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Front 198

What is the Babinski sign?

Back 198

Dorsiflexion of the big toe when the bottom of the foot is stroked

Front 199

Upper motor neuron damage associated with what symptoms?

Back 199

initial flaccid paralysis that changes to spastic paralysis or paresis over time

Front 200

Spastic paralysis?

Back 200

hypertonia

hyperreflexia

Babinkski sign +

Clonus

Front 201

Clonus is ?

Back 201

involuntary contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle

Front 202

Patient has right lower facial muscle weakness...where is the lesion?

Back 202

upper motor neuron

Front 203

Afferent pupil defect, seen in swinging flashlight test, is caused by what lesion?

Back 203

Optic nerve before optic chiasm

Front 204

Symptoms of Bell's Palsy?

Back 204

no tears, no saliva

ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles

hyperacusis- sensitive to noise

Front 205

What causes Bell's palsy?

Back 205

CN VII (Trigeminal nerve) damage

Front 206

Retinal detachment is most common between what layers (Boxer) ?

Back 206

between pigment and photoreceptor layer

Front 207

This eye defect is caused by?

Back 207

6th nerve (abducens) palsy in right eye

Front 208

Cones mediate what?

Back 208

color vision

high visual acuity

Front 209

Rods mediate what?

Back 209

nocturnal vision

low visual acuity

Front 210

What part of the retina contains only cones?

Back 210

macula

Front 211

Miosis?

Back 211

constriction of pupil

Front 212

Mydriasis?

Back 212

dilation of pupil

Front 213

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

Back 213

abducens (CN VI)

Front 214

What eye muscle does the trochlear nerve supply?

Back 214

superior oblique

Front 215

3 characteristics of damage to CN III?

Back 215

down and out gaze

ptosis (droopy eyelid)

pupillary dilation