Neuro Fns Lect #31

Front 1

What properties of the olfactory receptors allows us to discriminate a wide variety of odorants?

Back 1

size and diversity

Front 2

Olfactory nerves are axons of what kind of neurons (pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar)?

Back 2

Bipolar

Front 3

Where are RECEPTORS and cell bodies of olfactory nerves located?

Back 3

Olfactory Mucosa

Front 4

How many receptor types does each bipolar cell make?

Back 4

Just One

Front 5

Axons of what cells within the olfactory bulb carry olfactory information centrally?

Back 5

Mitral Cells

Front 6

Where do collaterals of the mitral cell axons synapse?

Back 6

A.O.N (anterior olfactory nucleus)

Front 7

A.O.N axons exit the olfactory tract via what?

Back 7

Medial Olfactory Stria

Front 8

Where do the axons of the A.O.N cross and where do they go?

Back 8

Anterior commissure; A.O.N. of the contralateral olfactory bulb

Front 9

Mitral cells send axons in the olfactory tract via which stria (medial or lateral)?

Back 9

Lateral

Front 10

Where do the axons of mitral cells found in the lateral olfactory stria terminate?

Back 10

Primary olfactory cortex and amygdala

Front 11

This lobe of the olfactory cortex is next to the lateral olfactory stria that is dorsal and rostral to the amygdala?

Back 11

Pyriform Lobe

Front 12

This makes up the parahippocampal gyrus from the subiculum to the collateral sulcus?

Back 12

Entorhinal cortex

Front 13

Does olfactory information synapse in the thalamus prior to reaching the cortex?

Back 13

NO

Front 14

Describe the pathway that olfactory projections take from the primary olfactory cortex and amygdala?

Back 14

Primary olfactory cortex/amygdala > DM thalamic nuclei > Orbitofrontal cortex

Front 15

Loss of olfactory function is an early sign of this?

Back 15

Neurodegenerative disease

Front 16

This genetic disorder results from disrupted neurodevelopment of olfactory system, resulting in low levels of reproductive hormones and results in lack of smell and reproductive function?

Back 16

Kallmann Syndrome

Front 17

This system is involved with emotions and memory?

Back 17

Limbic system

Front 18

True/False Emotions can be considered both positive and negative?

Back 18

TRUE()

Front 19

The limbic system integrates information about what two things?

Back 19

Environment and Autonomic

Front 20

The limbic system is composed of (telencephalic, diencephalic, both, neither) systems?

Back 20

Both

Front 21

Limbic system structures are found on the (medial, lateral, both, neither) surface of the cerberal hemisphere?

Back 21

Medial

Front 22

The limbic lobe is composed of what three gyri?

Back 22

Cingulate, subcallosal and parahippocampal

Front 23

What are subcorticals centers of the limbic system composed of?

Back 23

Amygdala, septal nuclei, basal forebrain

Front 24

What are the diencephalic nuclei of the limbic system composed of?

Back 24

Anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies

Front 25

The underlying fiber bundle (cingulum) of the cingulate cortex sends information where?

Back 25

Parahippocampus gyrus

Front 26

This plays a role in the emotional negative experiences of chronic pain syndromes?

Back 26

Cingulate cortex

Front 27

This is a three-layered cortex located in the dorsomedial temporal lobe, posterior to the amygdala, and ventral to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle?

Back 27

Hippocamus

Front 28

The hippocampus recieves highly processed sensory information from the association cortex via what?

Back 28

the entorhinal cortex

Front 29

What are the three regions of the hippocampal formation?

Back 29

Dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper, subiculum

Front 30

What are the three layers of the dentate gyrus?

Back 30

Outer molecular layer, intermediate (granule cell layer), inner polymorphic layer

Front 31

Dndrites of the small granule cells of the dentate gyrus radiate into which layer (polymorphic, molecular)?

Back 31

molecular

Front 32

Axons of granule cells of the dentate gyrus tranverse through the polymorphic layer to synapse on neurons in what (subiculum, hippocampus proper)?

Back 32

Hippocampus proper

Front 33

What are the three layers o fthe hippocampus proper?

Back 33

outer cell layer, pyramidal cell layer, inner polymorphic layer

Front 34

Axons from this part of the hippocampus synapse in the nearby subiculum, or enter the fornix to terminate in the septum?

Back 34

Hippocampus Proper

Front 35

What is the major output zone of the hippocampus?

Back 35

Subiculum

Front 36

This sheet of axons accumulates just lateral to the hippocampus proper to form the fimbria

Back 36

Alveus

Front 37

The fimbria forms this more caudally?

Back 37

Fornix

Front 38

The fornix contains fibers from which parts of the hippocampus (subiculum, hippocampus proper, both, neither)?

Back 38

Both

Front 39

Fibers of the precommisural fornix end in the ?

Back 39

Septum

Front 40

Fibers of the post-commisural fornix end in the?

Back 40

mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Front 41

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Back 41

Converting short term memories into long term memories

Front 42

Lesions in the hippocampus produce what kinds of defecits?

Back 42

acquisition of new memories

Front 43

Worsening of anterograde amnesia is made worse from damage of what?

Back 43

Surrounding parahippocampal cortex

Front 44

This is grossly atrophied in Alzheimer disease patients?

Back 44

Entorhinal cortex

Front 45

Describe the Papez Circuit

Back 45

Cingulate cortex > Hippocampus > Mammilary bodies > anterior thalamus > cingulate cortex

Front 46

This is a small aggregation of nuclei ventrolateral to the septum pellucidum and deep to the subcallosal cortex?

Back 46

Septal Complex

Front 47

What is the function of the septal complex?

Back 47

Labeling sensory stimuli as pleasurable or positive

Front 48

Stimulation of this area increases sociability in animals and produces feelings of pleasure and sexual response in humans?

Back 48

Septal Complex

Front 49

What kinds of afferent information enter the septal nuclei?

Back 49

hippocampus (fornix); Amygdala (ventral amygdofugal pathway and stria terminalis); hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum (medial forebrain bundle

Front 50

The septal nuclei sends efferents to this structure via the stria medullaris thalami?

Back 50

Habenula

Front 51

Septal nuclei sends efferents to the hippocampus via this structure?

Back 51

Fornix

Front 52

The septal nuclei sends efferents to these via the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)?

Back 52

Hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum

Front 53

Lesions of this area can produce perseveration (repetition of incorrect response)?

Back 53

Septal Nuclei

Front 54

This structure of the limbic system is located in the temporal lobe deep to the uncus?

Back 54

Amygdala

Front 55

What does the amygdala label stimuli as (positive or negative)?

Back 55

Negative

Front 56

TRUE/FALSE Human patients can become highly aggressive with stimulation of the amgdala

Back 56

TRUE(

Front 57

The amygdala recieves direct information of this sensory system?

Back 57

Olfactory system

Front 58

What two tracts come out of the amygdala as efferent fibers?

Back 58

Amygdalofugal tract and the stria terminalis

Front 59

Kluver-Bucy is typically found in patients with lesions of this structure?

Back 59

Amygdala

Front 60

What are some of the symptoms of patients with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Back 60

Tameness, heproral, hypersexual behaviors, and psychic blindness (agnosia)

Front 61

Urbach-Wiethe is a result of what kind of lesions?

Back 61

Bilateral amygdala

Front 62

What do some of the patients with Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome have difficulty with?

Back 62

reading emotions of others and exhibiting fear of dangerous situations

Front 63

This structure is located at the ventral striatum, at the junction of the head of the caudate and the putamen?

Back 63

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 64

What clinical role does the nucleus accumbens play?

Back 64

Drug and alcohol addiction

Front 65

What is the location of the basal forebrain?

Back 65

Ventral to the anterior commissure and deep to the anterior perforated substance

Front 66

The substantia innominata is a major component of the (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, basal forebrain, midbrain)?

Back 66

Basal Forebrain

Front 67

Neurons found in this nucleus of the substantia innominata are cholinergic, and loss of them can result in dementia of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 67

Nucleus Basalis of Meynart