Neuro Fns Lect #19

Front 1

Movement of the stapes causes displacement at the (oval/round window)?

Back 1

Oval window (scala vestibuli)

Front 2

What property of the sound wave determines the amount of displacement of the basilar membrane?

Back 2

Amplitude

Front 3

What part of the basilar membrane is most sensitive to high frequency sound (Base/apex)?

Back 3

Base

Front 4

Axons of bipolar neurons of what form the cochlear nerve?

Back 4

Spiral ganglion

Front 5

Spiral ganglion consists of what kind of nerve fibers (SVE, SSA, GSE, SVA)?

Back 5

SSA

Front 6

Cochlear nerve enters the brainstem where?

Back 6

At the cerebellopontine angle lateral to the ICP

Front 7

The cochlear nerve terminates in what two things?

Back 7

Dorsal and Ventral cochlear nuclei

Front 8

Where are the two cochlear nuclei located?

Back 8

Lateral surface of the ICP in the Upper Medulla

Front 9

Are both dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei innervated by each cochlear nerve on the same side?

Back 9

Yes

Front 10

A tonotopic map can be found in the cochlear nuclei that corresponds to the basilar membrane, where would you find representation of nerve fibers (in the nuclei) from the apex of the basilar membrane (Ventral or Dorsal nuclei)?

Back 10

Ventral (Apex of basilar membrane is sensitive to LOW frequency)

Front 11

How many pathways are formed by the axons of the cochlear nuclei through the pontine tegmentum?

Back 11

2 main pathways (dorsal acoustic stria, Ventral acoustic stria)

Front 12

Fibers in the lateral leminiscus are from which cochlear nuclei (dorsal, ventral, both, neither)

Back 12

Both (via dorsal and ventral acoustic stria)

Front 13

Crossing auditory fibers form this structure found in the ventral part of the pontine tegmentum?

Back 13

Trapezoid Body

Front 14

Axons of the ventral acoustic stria send fibers to the contralateral lateral leminiscus and also send collaterals here, on both sides?

Back 14

Superior olivary complex

Front 15

Clusters of small nuclei located adjacent to the trapezoid body in the pontine tegmentum is called what (it recieves auditory info…)?

Back 15

Superior olivary complex

Front 16

Individual neurons in the superior olivary complex receive information from which ear (ipsilateral, contralateral, both, neither ear)?

Back 16

Both (via ventral acoustic stria)

Front 17

Neurons in the Superior olivary complex use binaural information (from both ears) to detect these TWO differences in the incoming sound, which gives us info on the Spatial localization of sounds?

Back 17

Intesity and time of arrival of the sound

Front 18

Axons of neurons in the Superior Olivary complex ascend in (ipsilateral, contralateral, both) lateral leminiscus?

Back 18

Both

Front 19

This is an ascending auditory pathway found in the pons and the lower midbrain?

Back 19

Lateral Leminiscus

Front 20

Information ascending each lateral leminiscus comes from (ipsilateral ear, contralateral ear, binaural, neither ear)?

Back 20

Binaural (both ears)

Front 21

What is the most prominent location of the nucleus of the lateral leminiscus in the brainstem?

Back 21

At the level of the isthmus along the course of the lateral leminiscus

Front 22

What is the site of termination of the lateral leminiscus?

Back 22

Inferior Colliculus

Front 23

The purpose of this small cluster of nuclei is the spatial localization of sounds?

Back 23

Superior olivary nucleus

Front 24

Inferior colliculus recieves input from where?

Back 24

ipsilateral lateral leminiscus AND crossing fibers from the opposite IC

Front 25

Axons of neurons in the inferior colliculus form what?

Back 25

Brachium of the inferior colliculus

Front 26

Axons of the brachium of the inferior colliculus terminate ipsilaterally where?

Back 26

Medial geniculate body of the thalamus

Front 27

Axons of what course in the internal capsule?

Back 27

Medial Geniculate Body

Front 28

Auditory radiations, formed by the axons of the MGB in the internal capsule project where?

Back 28

Ipsilateral primary auditory cortex

Front 29

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Back 29

Transvers Gyri of Heschl in the temporal lobe

Front 30

This is involved in higher order auditory functions such as recognition and interpretation of auditory information, including speech?

Back 30

Auditory Association Cortex

Front 31

The auditory association cortex recieves input from what?

Back 31

Primary auditory cortex

Front 32

The superior olivary complex gives rise to efferent fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve that are called what?

Back 32

Olivocochlear bundle

Front 33

Selective attention of certain sound frequencies and inhibition of others is a function of what?

Back 33

Efferent Auditory pathway

Front 34

What is tinnitus?

Back 34

Noise (ringing, humming) in the ears

Front 35

defects in conductive mechanisms in the external or middle ear is what kind of deafness?

Back 35

Conductive deafness

Front 36

Defects in the production or transmission of the auditory neural signal is what type of deafness?

Back 36

Sensorineural deafness

Front 37

What is the deafness called, if defects are found in the auditory pathway ABOVE the cochlear nuclei?

Back 37

Central deafness

Front 38

Why is central deafness rare?

Back 38

Ascending pathway above the cochlear nuclei is binaural

Front 39

Middle ear infection might result in what kind of deafness?

Back 39

Conductive

Front 40

Abnormal production of endolymph in the membranous labyrinth is found in this disease?

Back 40

Meniere's

Front 41

A tumor of the schwann cells of the vestibular nerve at the cerebellopontine angle is called what?

Back 41

Acoustic Neuroma

Front 42

Utricle and saccule have sensory receptor regions called what?

Back 42

Macula

Front 43

Hair cells of the macula (utricle/saccuel) project cilia into what membrane?

Back 43

otolithic membrane

Front 44

What kinds of meovement of the head will alter the firing rate of the hair cells in macula?

Back 44

tilting and linear acceleration

Front 45

The anterior semicircular duct forms a "complimentary pair" with which duct?

Back 45

Posterior on the other side

Front 46

Rotation of the head to the right increases the firing of afferents in the (right horizontal, left horizontal)?

Back 46

Right horizontal (decreases action potential firing in the left)

Front 47

This part of the vestibular system detects rotation of the head and is important in reflex eye movemetns (saccule, utricle, semicircular ducts)?

Back 47

Semicircular ducts

Front 48

This nerve is formed by axons of the bipolar nerves that innervate the hair cells of the macula and the cristae ampullaris?

Back 48

Vestibular nerve

Front 49

Where does the vestibular nerve enter the brainstem?

Back 49

cerebellopontine angle

Front 50

True/False ALL fibers of the vestibular nerve terminate on the vestibular nuclei?

Back 50

FALSE (some go to the ipsilateral cerebellum)

Front 51

How many vestibular nuclei are there?

Back 51

4 (superior, inferiror, lateral, and medial)

Front 52

What are the 3 MOST importanrt connections of the vestibular nuclei?

Back 52

spinal cord, cranial nerves that control eye movements, cerebellum

Front 53

Projections to what structure, from the vestibular nuclei are important in maintenance of posture and equilibrium?

Back 53

Spinal Cord

Front 54

This descending tract projects ipsilaterally to all levels of the spinal cord and courses in the anterior funiculus AND participates in the "righting reflex"?

Back 54

LVST

Front 55

This descending tract controls neck movements and stabilizes the head and projects bilaterally to the cervical spinal cord within the MLF?

Back 55

MVST

Front 56

Connections of the vestibular nuclei with this is important in reflexive eye movements in order to stabilize the visual field?

Back 56

Extraocular nuclei

Front 57

Vestibulo-ocular fibers from the vestibular nuclei ascend in this composite fiber bundle to terminate in the nuclei of CN 3,4,6?

Back 57

MLF

Front 58

The vestibular nuclei contributes these kinds of fibers to the MLF (ascending, descending, both, neither)

Back 58

Both

Front 59

Rotation to the right will cause contraction of which eye muscles?

Back 59

Right medial rectus (adductor), Left lateral rectus (abductor)

Front 60

This nerve innervates the medial rectus (eye)?

Back 60

Occulomotor

Front 61

This nerve innervates the lateral rectus (eye)?

Back 61

Abducens

Front 62

When tracking a moving object by rotating your head, it becomes nessecary for you to cancel the reflexive movements of the eye, connection between these two structures funtion in this inhibition?

Back 62

Vestibular nuclei and cerebellum (also provide for cerebellar control of posture and balance)

Front 63

Efferent vestibular fibers which excite hair cells of cristae and macula are important for what?

Back 63

Increasing the dynamic range of detection

Front 64

A unilateral lesion of the vestibular system will cause the eyes, limbs and body to veer toward the (unlesioned side, lesioned side)?

Back 64

Lesioned side

Front 65

Vertigo, nystagmus, and past-pointing are just some of the clinical signs of dysfuntion of this system?

Back 65

Vestibular system

Front 66

This vestibular dysfunction may be caused by displacement of otoconia from the utricle into the semicircular ducts?

Back 66

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Front 67

If normal, injecting cold/warm water into the external ear will or will not cause nystagmus?

Back 67

Will

Front 68

A patient in the prone position will have nystagmus of the opposite side if what temperature water is injectd (warm, cold)

Back 68

Cold (COWS)

Front 69

Absence of the VOR is indicative of a lesion here?

Back 69

Brainstem