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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure & Location:
Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin Sensations: Fine touch, pressure & slow vibrations Adaption Rate: Rapid |
Corpuscles of Touch
(Meissner Corpuscles) |
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Structure & Location
Free Nerve Endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin. Sensations: Touch Adaptation Rate: Rapid |
Hair Root Plexuses
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Structure & Location
Saucer shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis Sensations: Touch & Pressure Adaptation Rate: Slow |
Type 1 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors
(tactile or Merkel disc. |
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Structure & Location:
Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis & in ligaments & tendons Sensations: stretching of skin Adaptation Rate: Slow |
Type 2 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors
(Ruffini Corpuscles) |
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Structure & Location:
Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites; present in dermis & subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, & some viscera Sensations: Pressure, fast vibrations & tickling Adaptation Rate: Rapid |
Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles
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Structure & Location:
Free nerve endings in skin & mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, & anus Sensations: Warmth or Cool Adaptation Rate: Rapid initially then slow |
Warm Receptors & Cold Receptors
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Structure & Location:
Free nerve endings and lamellated corpuscles in skin & mucous membranes Sensations: Itching & Tickling Adaptation Rate: Both slow & Rapid |
Itch & Tickle Receptors
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Structure & Location:
Free nerve endings in every tissue of the body except the brain. Sensations: Pain Adaptation Rate: Slow |
Nociceptors
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Structure & Location:
Free nerve endings wrap around central area of encapsulated intrafusal muscle fibers within most skeletal muscles Sensation: Muscle Length: Adaptation Rate: Slow |
Muscle Spindles
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Structure & Location:
Capsule encloses collagen fibers & sensory nerve endings at junction of tendon & muscle Sensations: Muscle Tension Adaptation Rate: Slow |
Tendon Organs
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Structure & Location:
Lamellated corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, tendon organs, & free nerve endings. Sensations: Joint position & movement Adaptation Rate: Rapid |
Joint Kinesthetic receptors
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Tactile Receptors:
6 of them |
1. Corpuscles of Touch (Meissner)
2. Hair Root Plexuses 3. Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors (tactile or Merkel disc 4. Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors (Ruffini) 5. Lamellated Corpuscles (Pacinian) 6. Itch & Tickle Receptors |
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Thermoreceptors:
2 of them |
Warm & Cold Receptors
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Pain Receptors
1 type |
Nociceptors
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Proprioceptors:
3 types |
1. Muscle Spindles
2. Tendon Organs 3. Joint Kinesthetic Receptors |
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Bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, & some touch sensations.
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Free Nerve Endings
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Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule, such as a corpuscle of touch
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Encapsulated Nerve Endings
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Receptor cell synapses with first-order neurons; located in the retina of the eye (photoreceptors), inner ear (hair cells), & taste buds of the tongue (gustatory receptor cells).
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Separate Cells
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Located at or near body surface; sensitive to stimuli originating outside body; provide information about external environment; convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal, & pain sensations.
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Exteroreceptors
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Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, & nervous system; provide information about internal environment; impulses produced usually are not consciously perceived but occasionally may be felt as pain or pressure.
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Interoceptors
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Located in muscles, tendons, joints, & inner ear; provide information about body position, muscle length & tension, position & motion of joints, & equilibrium (balance).
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Proprioceptors
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Detect mechanical pressure; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, & hearing, & equilibrium; also monitor stretching of blood vessels & internal organs.
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Mechanoreceptors
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Detect changes in temperature
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Thermoreceptors
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Respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue.
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Nociceptors
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Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye.
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Photoreceptors
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Detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), & body fluids.
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Chemoreceptors
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Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids.
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Osmoreceptors
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Process of Sensation
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1. Stimulation of Sensory Receptor
2. Transduction of the Stimulus 3. Generation of impulse 4. Integration of Sensory Input |
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Conduct impulses from somatic receptors in the brain stem or spinal cord.
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First Order Neurons
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Conduct impulses from the brain stem & spinal cord to the thalamus. Axons decussate in the brain stem or spinal cord before ascending to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
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Second Order Neurons
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Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory are of the cortex on the same side.
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Third Order Neurons
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The ability to recognize the size, shape, & texture of an object bu feeling it.
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Stereognosis
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The awareness of the precise position of body parts.
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Proprioception
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Arise when rapidly fluctuating touch stimuli are present.
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Vibratory Sensations
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The awareness of direction of movement of body parts.
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Kinesthesia
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Ability to assess the weight of an object
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Weight Discrimination
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Humans sleep & awaken in a 24-hour cycle that is established by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This cycle is known as ______ ________.
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Circadian Rhythm
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transition from sleep to consciousness involving the activation of the Reticular Activating System and thus activating the cerebral cortex.
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Arousal
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a state of wakefulness in which an individual is fully alert, aware, & oriented, partly as a result of individual is fully alert, aware, & oriented, partly as a result of feedback between the cerebral cortex & reticular activating system.
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Consciousness
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State of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused.
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Sleep
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transition stage between wakefulness & sleep that normally lasts 1-7 minutes. The person is relaxed with eyes closed & has fleeting thoughts.
Alpha waves diminish. |
Stage 1 of sleep
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stage of sleep wherein a person is a little more difficult to awaken. Fragments of dreams may be experienced & the eyes may roll slowly from side to side.
Sleep spindles occur. |
Sleep Stage 2 (light sleep)
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Period of moderately deep sleep. Body temperature & blood pressure decrease. The person is difficult to awaken. This stage occurs about 20 minutes after falling asleep.
Mixture of sleep spindles & larger, lower frequency waves. |
Sleep Stage 3
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Deepest level of sleep wherein brain metabolism significantly decreases & body temperature drops slightly. Most reflexes are still intact & muscle tone is decreased only slightly. Sleepwalking occurs in this stage.
Slow, large amplitude delta waves dominate. |
Sleep Stage 4
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Stage of sleep in which dreaming occurs, lasting for 5 to 10 minutes several times during a sleep cycle; characterized by rapid movements of the eyes beneath the eyelids.
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Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
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