Neuro Exam Stuff Part 3

Front 1

High frequency of vibration (Hz) would create

Back 1

High pitch

Front 2

Mutant mice without them can't hear at all

Back 2

Inner hair cells

Front 3

The dorsal stream in the auditory cortex ends in the ___________ cortex and perceives ________ of sound

Back 3

Parietal, location

Front 4

Please coding for pitch shows that ________ frequencies are caused by neurons of basilar membrane getting activated. these are located ________ to the oval window

Back 4

higher, closer to

Front 5

Loudness of high pitch is determined by ________. loudness of low pitch sounds is determined by the _________

Back 5

rate of firing, #of axons active at a time.

Front 6

These respond to forces of gravity

Back 6

Vestibular sacs

Front 7

Hair cells of the semicircular canal, utricle, and saccule use which receptor molecules?

Back 7

TRPA-1

Front 8

Which cranial nerve consists of the vestibular and cochleal cells?

Back 8

The 8th. (Vestibulocochlear)

Front 9

The vestibular pathway includes projections to?

Back 9

The medulla

Front 10

While jogging, the eyes bounce but vision stays stable. This is due to?

Back 10

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Front 11

Cutaneous receptors respond to what 3 things?

Back 11

Pressure, vibration, and Temperature

Front 12

How many categories of free nerve ending thermal receptors are there?

Back 12

Two

Front 13

The pathway for fine touch is?

Back 13

The dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

Front 14

Hypnosis reduced pain, also reduced activation of the?

Back 14

Somatosensory cortex

Front 15

Part of the brain for long-term emotional consequences of pain?

Back 15

Prefrontal cortex

Front 16

Name for not being able to tell difference between tastes?

Back 16

Anosmia

Front 17

Members of the cat family cannot taste?

Back 17

Sweetness

Front 18

Taste receptor pathway goes like?

Back 18

bipolar neuron dendrites -> 7, 9, 10 cranial nerves, -> brain

Front 19

Sensation of saltiness is caused by:

Back 19

Sodium channel receptors

Front 20

Information from the anterior part of the tongue travels through the chorda tympani part of?

Back 20

Facial cranial nerve

Front 21

Olfaction is the ______ most populated system in the # of sensory receptors

Back 21

2nd

Front 22

The olfactory pathway goes?

Back 22

Receptor cells -> OB -> mitral cells

Front 23

Olfactory tract axons project to the (all 3)

Back 23

Amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and piriform cortex

Front 24

When an odor binds to olfactory receptors

Back 24

A depolarization occurs

Front 25

In order to identify the many smells of the world:

Back 25

Humans have different receptors that bind to different odorants. the activity patterns created is what is the different smells

Front 26

Order of the ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea?

Back 26

Malleus, Incus, stapes

Front 27

Movement of cilia in the direction of the tallest cilia will

Back 27

Open an ion channel

Front 28

With location of sound, low frequencies are _______ differences and high frequencies are ________ differences.

Back 28

Phase, intensity

Front 29

What detects thermal and noxious stimuli?

Back 29

Free nerve endings

Front 30

What are free nerve endings that respond to intense pressure?

Back 30

High-threshold mechanoreceptors

Front 31

When comparing experienced pain to witnessing pain of a loved one the only area that was specific the personal pain was

Back 31

The somatosensory cortex

Front 32

Electrical stimulation of _________________ is as potent as a large dose of morphine

Back 32

periaqueductal gray

Front 33

Umami receptors detect the presence of?

Back 33

Glutamate

Front 34

Taste receptors can have a lifespan of?

Back 34

10 days

Front 35

You can taste bitterness and sweetness simultaneously because

Back 35

Bitterness and sweetness receptors are similar

Front 36

First relay station for taste is the nucleus of the solitary tract, located in the _________

Back 36

Medulla

Front 37

In humans, the olfactory system is more sensitive if

Back 37

Individuals get closer to the source of the smell

Front 38

The _____________ cortex gets olfactory and gustatory information so it may combine this info

Back 38

Orbitofrontal

Front 39

If Rose smells two diff. lemony odorants, its likely that the two diff odorants will produce similar activity patterns in the

Back 39

posterior piriform cortex

Front 40

Cooks can use spices to hide that meat is going to go bad because the glomeruli that is responding to the spice odor ________ those that respond to the smell of the meat

Back 40

Inhibit

Front 41

Moving a limb to the body is _______ moving a limb away from the body is _______

Back 41

Flexion, extension

Front 42

Alpha motor neurons send info to

Back 42

Extrafusal muscle fibers

Front 43

Depolarization of the muscle fiber opens voltage-gated _____ channels which trigger contractions

Back 43

Ca2+

Front 44

Myosin cross bridges attach to actin strands, bend, detach and then attach lower. These actions result in the ____________ of muscle fibers

Back 44

Shortening

Front 45

Intrafusal muscle fibers act as

Back 45

Muscle length detectors

Front 46

Moving because of fear vs. moving because asked is faster because fear movement is

Back 46

reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed

Front 47

Muscle spindle, spinal cord, alpha motor neuron, extrafusal muscle fibers make up the

Back 47

Monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit

Front 48

When _______ motor neurons are active, intrafusal muscle fibers become shorter and more sensitive to changes in length

Back 48

Gamma

Front 49

When the efferent axon of a single muscle spindle is completely silent, the spindle is?

Back 49

Completely relaxed and extended

Front 50

Reflex circuits typically involve _______ of neurons

Back 50

Thousands

Front 51

The ugly ass motor cortex representation of fingers and mouth is because these areas require greater

Back 51

Precision of movement

Front 52

The primary motor cortex receives info from?

Back 52

The supplementary motor area and premotor cortex

Front 53

Corticospinal tract, corticabulbar, and rubrospinal tract make up the _______ group of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex

Back 53

Lateral

Front 54

the ________ corticospinal tract controls arms, hands, fingers, lower legs, feet, and toes (all)

Back 54

Lateral

Front 55

The mesencephalic locomotor region of the _______ formation lets a cat make pacing movements

Back 55

Reticular

Front 56

Mirror neurons are located in which premotor cortex?

Back 56

Ventral (toward the belly)

Front 57

Emma puts on lipgloss like her mom. _______ neurons are activated during this process

Back 57

Mirror

Front 58

When people point/reach somewhere the ______________ becomes active

Back 58

Parietal reach region

Front 59

The anterior part of the _______ sulcus lets us grasp things because it controls hand/finger movement

Back 59

Interparietal

Front 60

Visual input to the parietal reach region and the anterior part of the interparietal sulcus comes from the _________ part of the visual pathway

Back 60

Dorsal

Front 61

Jill, who has apraxia, would have trouble

Back 61

Drawing an object

Front 62

Limb apraxia symptoms:

Back 62

Moving wrong part of limb, incorrect movement, or incorrect sequence of movement

Front 63

Right Hemi: _____________ Left Hemi: ___________

Back 63

Extrapersonal space, Own body

Front 64

Left Hemi controls your own body, so damage to left causes apraxia in _____ hands

Back 64

Both

Front 65

The ________ lobe determines meaning of hand gestures

Back 65

Frontal

Front 66

Pam can cook but she can't draw a pot, pan, or spoon. she suffers from

Back 66

constructional apraxia

Front 67

The difference in ratio between the number of muscle fibers per axon depends on the ________ needed to move the muscle

Back 67

Precision

Front 68

Pathway for muscle contraction

Back 68

Axon releases ACh, Motor endplate, endplate potential reached

Front 69

Stretch receptors are located in

Back 69

Intrafusal muscle fibers and Golgi tendons

Front 70

Monosynaptic stretch reflex controls the reflexive action as well as

Back 70

Posture

Front 71

When there is added resistance to a muscle movement ______ muscle fibers shorten more than the _______ ones

Back 71

Intrafusal, extrafusal

Front 72

Less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organ trigger glycine release and the production of __PSPs

Back 72

I

Front 73

Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal and ventral corticospinal tract make up the ____________ group of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex

Back 73

Ventromedial

Front 74

The corticobulbar tract controls movements of the

Back 74

Face, neck, and tongue

Front 75

The rubrospinal tract controls

Back 75

The forearms and hands, but not the fingers

Front 76

This brain area is involved in executing well-learned sequences of motor responses

Back 76

Supplementary motor area

Front 77

The ______ ________ cortex and the ________ cortex are responsible for the decision to move

Back 77

Posterior parietal, frontopolar

Front 78

The pontine and dentate nuclei are located in the

Back 78

Cerebellum (balance and posture)

Front 79

Parkinson's is caused by the degeneration of dopamine secreting cells in the

Back 79

Substantia nigra

Front 80

The sound of a bag being ripped open will trigger activation of _________ neurons

Back 80

Audiovisual

Front 81

Damage to right parietal _______ apraxia, damage to left, ______ apraxia

Back 81

Constructional, limb