Neuro Exam Ii Begining At Direct Pathway-->End

Front 1

In the direct pathway, where does the the cerebral cortex 1st project to?

Back 1

Caudate Nucleus & Putamen

Front 2

In the direct pathway, where do the axons from the CN and Putamen project to?

Back 2

Globus palidus medial

Front 3

In the direct pathway, where do axons from the globus palidus medial project to?

Back 3

VA/VL Thalamus

Front 4

In the direct pathway, where do axons from the VA/VL project?

Back 4

to the motor cortex

Front 5

Where do the axons from the Subthalamic nucleus project and what is their function?

Back 5

To the Putamen & Caudate Nucleus; to help excite the above areas to better help generate an action potential (depolarizes it a scouch)

Front 6

What NT and receptor is used in the putamen when the subthalamic nuclei synapses? (direct pathway)

Back 6

Dopamine; D1 (allows for excitability)

Front 7

The axons in the direct pathway that project from the thalamus to the motor cortex synapse where?

Back 7

the corticobulbar spinal tract

Front 8

Describe a patient who has a damaged substantia nigra nuclei

Back 8

Difficultly in starting a motor movement aka removes the source of activation of the direct pathway

Front 9

What is the neostraitum?

Back 9

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 10

What is the mechanism that the GPm neurons use to inhibit the thalamus?

Back 10

Neurons release GABA, preventing excitation influence on the cerebral cortex

Front 11

What is the function of the direct pathway?

Back 11

Causes excitation of the neostraitum by the cerebral cortex

Front 12

Neostraitum neurons secrete ____________ and are _________ neurons to the GPm.

Back 12

GABA; inhibitory (disinhibition)

Front 13

When activated, neostratium will inhibit ____________ neurons. Thus, inhibiting thalamic neurons

Back 13

GPm

Front 14

What is the effect of the SN releasing dopamine into the neostraital neurons?

Back 14

D1 receptors are activated and direct pathway is facilitated

Front 15

What is the consequence of activation of the indirect pathway?

Back 15

Decreased activity of the thalamus and therefore decresed activity of the motor regions of the cerebral cortex (stop movement)

Front 16

What are some symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Back 16

Akinesia - inability to initiate movements/lack of spontaneous movement
Bradykinesia - abnormal slowness of movement
Rigidity
Tremor at rest (pill rolling) that disappears upon making a voluntary movement

Front 17

What is the gross cause of Parkinson's disease?

Back 17

Loss of dopaminergenic neurons of the SN that project to the neostraitum of the direct and indirect pathways

Front 18

What role does dopamine play in the direct pathway?

Back 18

Activates neostraitum

Front 19

What is the consequence of activation of the SN?

Back 19

Increased thalamic and increased cortical output

Front 20

Loss of dopaminergic neurons of the SN?

Back 20

disinhibits (activates) the indirect pathway and removes a source of activation of the direct pathway
(decreased activity in cortical motor areas that control descending motor pathways = bradykinesia and akinesia)

Front 21

Define Ballismus

Back 21

A violent flinging movement in proximal musculature. Pathology of the basal ganglia

Front 22

What most specifically causes Ballismus?

Back 22

Damage to the subthalamic nucleus, which is crucial in modulating basal ganglia outputs through the pallidum and nigra

Front 23

What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?

Back 23

Help to inhibit motor movement in the indirect pathway. Lesions would result in increased motor output = ballismus.

Front 24

Huntington's chorea

Back 24

Onset = 35 y/o
Progessive
Loss of cells in the straitum that give rise to the indirect pathway
Increased motor output from the cerebral cortex with hyperkinetics

Front 25

Define Chorea

Back 25

Uncoordinated spasmodic movements that loosely resemble robotic movements

Front 26

How does a gross brain appear when diagnosed with HD?

Back 26

Caudate nucleus is engulfed by the lateral ventricles and is no longer visible

Front 27

Define the limbic loop

Back 27

A neuronal circuit that connects the nucleus accumbens (pleasure and emotion of LS) to the basal ganglia (globus pallidus)

Front 28

Function of the limbic loop

Back 28

Gives motor expressions to emotions:
Smiling when happy
Frowning when sad
Grimace when angry

Front 29

Neurotransmitter involved in the limbic loop and function

Back 29

Dopamine and their decline could explain the stone face killer expression in PD patients

Front 30

Rigidity

Back 30

Resistance to movement

Front 31

Dystonia

Back 31

Sustained abnormal movement

Front 32

Athetosis

Back 32

Twisting, writhering movement

Front 33

Chorea

Back 33

Continuous involuntary movement

Front 34

Ballismus

Back 34

Flinging movement
Often seen in patients with a damaged subthalamic movement

Front 35

Tics

Back 35

Brief action--->rest

Front 36

Myoclonus

Back 36

Muscle jerk/jolt

Front 37

Tremor

Back 37

Rhythmic movement/pill rolling