Neuro Exam 4

Front 1

What are the 2 major motor control systems?

Back 1

extrapyramidal
pyramidal

Front 2

FUNCTION pyramidal system

Back 2

initiated, voluntary skeletal mm activity

Front 3

FUNCTION extrapyramidal system

Back 3

involuntary skeletal mm activity

Front 4

DEFINE supplemental motor area

Back 4

association area in frontal lobe

Front 5

FUNCTION supplemental motor area

Back 5

finessed movement:
*initiation of movement
*involved w/ orientation of the eyes/head
*planning sequential and bi-manual movements

Front 6

DEFINE pre-motor area

Back 6

association area ant to motor cortex

Front 7

FUNCTION pre motor area

Back 7

controls trunk, pelvic and pectoral girdle musculature (change posture)

Front 8

DEFINE broca's area

Back 8

association area in frontal lobe

Front 9

FUNCTION broca's area

Back 9

instigate speech

Front 10

What percentage of the coricospinal tracts decussate in the pyramids of the medulla?

Back 10

90%

Front 11

FUNCTION corticofugal tract

Back 11

inn voluntary skeletal mm activity from the extremities and trunk

Front 12

FUNCTION corticobulbar tract

Back 12

inn voluntary skeletal mm activity of the head and neck, mm of facial expression, extrinsic eye mm, tongue, mastication, neck, pharynx, larynx, and scalp (includes ALL Cranial NN w/ motor fx)

Front 13

FUNCTION modulatroy descending motor tract

Back 13

modify the effects of the CORTICOSPINAL tract in that they refine and finesse the activity of lower motor neurons, which receive input from the UMNs of the corticospinal tract

Front 14

What are the modulatory descending motor tracts?

Back 14

rubrospinal tract
tectospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
reticulospinal tract

Front 15

FUNCTION rubrospinal tract

Back 15

influence is biased towards excitation for flexor mm and inhibition for extensor mm

Front 16

FUNCTION tectospinal tract

Back 16

involved w/ reflex postural movements of head, neck, and UE in response to visual stimuli

Front 17

FUNCTION vestibulospinal tract

Back 17

righting reflexes in response to activation of the vestibular system

Front 18

FUNCTION reticulospinal tract

Back 18

excitatory to extensor mm activity and inhibits flexor mm activity

Front 19

Which cranial nn have a unilateral projection pattern (ie-do not decussate)?

Back 19

CN VII and XII

Front 20

FUNCTION oculomotor n

Back 20

inn extrinsic eye mm (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inf oblique)
inn iris and ciliaty body

Front 21

FUNCTION trochlear n

Back 21

inn sup oblique eye mm

Front 22

FUNCTION trigeminal n

Back 22

inn mm of mastication

Front 23

FUNCTION abducens n

Back 23

inn lateral rectus eye mm

Front 24

FUNCTION facial n

Back 24

inn the muscles of facial expression
inn submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands

Front 25

FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n

Back 25

inn the stylopharyngeus m of the pharynx
inn parotid gland

Front 26

FUNCTION vagus n

Back 26

inn mm of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
Inn viscera of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

Front 27

FUNCTION spinal accessory n

Back 27

inn SCM and trapezius mm
inn the intrinsic laryngeal mm

Front 28

FUNCTION hypoglossal n

Back 28

inn extrinsic and intrisic mm of tongue via genioglossus m

Front 29

What are classical signs of UMN damage?

Back 29

paresis
paralysis
exaggerated DTR
clonus
spastic paralysis
hypertonia

Front 30

DEFINE paresis

Back 30

weakness b/c skeletal mm are receiving less input

Front 31

DEFINE paralysis

Back 31

loss of movement; large range of less bc of less input

Front 32

DEFINE exaggerated DTR

Back 32

hyperreflexia (simple reflex arc more active

Front 33

DEFINE clonus

Back 33

spasms w/ alterations of contractions and relaxation in rapid succession of antagonistic and agonistic mm

Front 34

DEFINE spastic paralysis

Back 34

characterized by involuntary contraction of 1 or more mm w/ loss of fx

Front 35

DEFINE hypertonia

Back 35

incr mm tone

Front 36

When do contralateral affects occur with a damaged UMN?

Back 36

when damage occurs BEFORE decussation

Front 37

Do you still have a reflex arc when there is UMN damage? why?

Back 37

yes; bc LMN is not damaged therfore reflex arc still occurs to stimuli (there is just no voluntary action that requires input from UMN and cerebral cortex

Front 38

DEFINE babinski test for UMN lesion

Back 38

run an object up the lateral side of the foot
normal: toes will plantarflex
positive: toes will dorsiflex and the great toe fans

Front 39

How do LMN get damaged?

Back 39

can damage the ventral horn itself
can damage a peripheral n

Front 40

What are classical signs of LMN damage?

Back 40

paresis
flaccid paralysis
hypotonia
decreased or absent DTR
atrophy
fibrillations/fasciculations

Front 41

DEFINE flaccid paralysis

Back 41

total loss of mm tone w/ resultant loss of fx

Front 42

DEFINE hypotonia

Back 42

decrease mm tone

Front 43

DEFINE decreased or absent DTR

Back 43

wiped out LMN part of reflex arc, therfore no reflex

Front 44

DEFINE atrophy

Back 44

reduction in size of skeletal mm as a result of decreased tone

Front 45

DEFINE fibrillations/fasciculations

Back 45

spontaneous activity of skeletal mm

Front 46

On which side will symptom appear in relation to the damaged LMN?

Back 46

ipsilateral

Front 47

What are collective responses of LMN?

Back 47

spinal reflexes
rhythmic patterned movements
central pattern generators (CPG)

Front 48

What are some spinal reflex responses?

Back 48

DTR
noxious stimulation reflexes

Front 49

DEFINE rhythmic patterned movements

Back 49

predictable involuntary movements involved w/ specific motor activities (some hardwired since birth, some learned)

Front 50

DEFINE central pattern generators

Back 50

used to delineate rhythmic patterns

Front 51

Where are central pattern generators set up and remembered in?;

Back 51

basal ganglia
SC
brainstem
Cerebellum

Front 52

What are characteristics of SC reflexes?

Back 52

segmental in nature
may involve propriospinal loops
can be modulated by supraspinal influences

Front 53

Which tracts can modulate SC reflexes?

Back 53

rubrospinal tract (bias toward flex)
reticulospinal tract (bias toward extensors)

Front 54

What are the 4 fundamental anatomical parts to a SC reflex?

Back 54

*receptor organ on distal end
*afferent sensory neuron
*efferent motor neuron
*an effector organ

Front 55

DEFINE flexor reflexes

Back 55

(aka protective reflexes) activated by type II and IV fibers

Front 56

DEFINE DTR/stretch reflex

Back 56

contraction of agonistic and synergistic mm following the stretching of agonistic mm ( activates type 1a fibers)

Front 57

FUNCTION DTR reflex

Back 57

maintain upright posture and mm tone

Front 58

DEFINE receptor organ

Back 58

Muscle spindles (type 1a fibers)

Front 59

What fibers are inside muscle spindles?

Back 59

intrafusal fibers

Front 60

What are the 3 types of muscles spindles?

Back 60

dynamic nuclear bag (Ia)
static nuclear bag (II)
nuclear chain fiber (II)

Front 61

FUNCTION intrafusal fibers

Back 61

differentiate between static and dynamic change in length and rate of change in length of skeletal mm

Front 62

DEFINE extrafusal fibers

Back 62

muscle fibers

Front 63

DEFINE noncontractile portion of intrafusal fibers

Back 63

middle of intrafusal fiber that does no contract