Neuro Exam 2 - Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

1. What are the components of the cerebral hemisphere and how many layers does each component contain?

Back 1

1. Archicortex - hippocampal formation - 4 layers

2. Paleocortex - Olfactory and some limbic areas - 3 layers

3. Neocortex - 6 layered with 10 billion neurons - 6 layers

Front 2

1. In which layers of the cortex are the Pyramidal cells located?

2. What are Brodmann's numbered areas based on?

3. Where are the six layers most distinct?

Back 2

1. 3 and 5

2. Regional variations in microscopic appearance of the cortex

3. Association areas

Front 3

1. Where are stellate cells most prominent in the primary sensory area?

2. Where are Betz cells located and what are they?

3. What neurons excite the Pyramidal Cells?

Back 3

1. Layer 4

2. Giant Pyramidal Cells - In the primary MOTOR area

3a. Corticocortical afferents
3b. Thalamocortical afferents
3c. Cholinergic afferents
3d. Peptidergic afferents

Front 4

1. What does the elecroencephalogram show?

2. What makes these potentials fluctuate?

Back 4

1. Shows summated differences of membrane potentials between the proximal and distal ends of the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells.

2. Changes in activity of Ophthalamocortical and Corticocortical neurons

Front 5

1. What is aphasia?

2. What is Agnosia?

3. What is Apraxia?

Back 5

1. - Partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language

2. Loss of the ability to interpret sensory stimuli, such as sounds or images.

3. Total or partial loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects in the absence of motor or sensory impairment.

Front 6

1. What is the corpus collosum and what is its function?

Back 6

1. Massive band of white matter that joins the two Hemispheres ALONG WITH THE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE.

Front 7

1. How thick is the cerebral cortex?

2. What is the definition of a fissure?

3. What functions are associated with the Insula?

4. Where is the insula located?

5. What site does the Insula Overlie?

Back 7

1. 2-4mm thick

2. A particularly deep sulcus

3. Visceral functions and Integration of autonomic info

4. W/in Cerebral cortex. Beneath frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula

5. Where the Telencephalon and Diencephalon fused during embryonic development

Front 8

1. What is the blood supply to the Middle and Inferior Gyrus of the temporal lobe?

2. What is the blood supply to the Superior Gyrus of the Temporal Lobe?

Back 8

1. Posterior cerebral

2. Middle Cerebral Artery

Front 9

1. What is the function of the fornix?

Back 9

1. Connected the Hypothalamus tot he Cerebrum

Front 10

1. What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Back 10

1. Intelligence, personality
2. Interpretation of sensory impulses
3. Motor function
4. Planning and organization
5. Touch sensarion

Front 11

1. What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe?

Back 11

1. Emotional Responses
2. Hearing
3. Memory
4. Speech

Front 12

1. What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe?

Back 12

1. Cognition
2. Info processing
3. Pain and touch sensation
4. Spatial orientation
5. Speech
6. Visual Perception

Front 13

1. What are the functions of the Occipital Lobe?

Back 13

1. Vision

2. Color recognition

Front 14

1 and 2. What are the functions of the Insula?

3. What does injury to the insula cause?

Back 14

1. Visceral functions

2. Integrates Autonomic info

3. Loss of Autoregulation

Front 15

1. Which part of the cortex makes up 90% of the total cortical area and how many layers does it contain?

2. What is another name for the component in question 1?

Back 15

1. Neocortex - 6 layers

2. Homogentic Cortex

Front 16

1. What makes up the Heterogenic Cortex?

Back 16

1. Paleocortex and Archicortex

Front 17

Cortex Cell Types: Which cell type is being described?

1. Principle interneurons of the neocortex in BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY PARTS

2. Output cell - Betz cells are XL pyramidal cells

3. Provide linkages to faraway cells

4. Output cells of cerebral cortex - deep layers and layer 2

5. Receptor cells - deep cortical layers

Back 17

1. Stellate (granule) cells

2. Pyramidal Cells

3. Horizontal cells (of Cajal)

4. Fusiform cells

5. Cells of Martinotti

Front 18

1. Where are Cells of Martinotti found?

2. Describe their morphology

3. Which neurons do they connect with?

4. What effect may they be involved with?

Back 18

1. All cortical layers - Mostly in Deeper cortical layers

2. Small multipolar neurons with short, well-developed dendrites

3. Send axons up to the cortical layer 1 to make contact with the pyramidal cells

4. Cortical dampening

Front 19

1. Where are fusiform cells found?

2. Describe their morphology

3. Does their axon leave the cortex?

4. Which cells have axons that leave the cortex?

Back 19

1. DEEPEST cortical layer

2. Spindle-shaped with a tuft of dendrites emerging from each end of the spindle

3. Yes

4. Pyramidal cells and Fusiform cells

Front 20

1. Where are Horizontal Cells of Cajal located?

2. Where does their receptive dendrite extend?

3. What is the primary function?

4. When are these cells most prominent and what happens to them?

Back 20

1. Most Superficial cortical layer

2. Laterally on the surface of the first layer

3. Provide linkages to distant cells and correlation (Sustentacular Support)

4. Most prominent during development, but disappear after birth

Front 21

1. Where are Stellate (granular) cells found?

2. Describe the morphology

3. Do their axons leave the cortex?

4. They are the principal interneurons of the ________

Back 21

1. Sensory and association area of the neocortex

2. Assorted shapes --> Small, multipolar

3. Their short axons DO NOT leave the cortex

4. Neocortex

Front 22

1. Where are Pyramidal Cells Located?

2. What are they called if they are large?

3. Where do their long apical dendrites travel?

4. Where do the basal dendrites emerge from and where in which direction do they go?

5. They are the principle __________ neurons

Back 22

1. Motor cortex

2. Betz cells

3. Vertically to the Cortical Surface

4. From nearer the base of the cell and spreads out horizontally

5. Output

Front 23

1. What is the significance of dendritic spines on Pyramidal cells?

Back 23

1. May be the sites of synapses that are selectively modified as a result of learning

Front 24

1. What are the 6 cortical layers and what are the characteristics of the layers?

Back 24

1. Molecular Layer (plexiform)
1a. Dendrites and axons of cortical neurons making synapses - Neuroglia and rare horizontal cells

2. External Granular Layer
2a. Dense small pyramidal cells and stellate cells - Various axons and dendritic connections

3. External Pyramidal Layer
3a. Moderate size - increasing size deeper

4. Internal Granular Layer
4a. Densely packed stellate cells

5. Internal Pyramidal Layer
5a. Ig pyramidal cells (Betz cells included) and smaller numbers of stellate cells and small neurons

6. Multiform (polymorphic Layer) (Fusiform)
6a. Numerous small neurons, small pyramidal cells, stellate cells, fusiform cells

Front 25

1. What is the molecular layer (cell poor) made up of in infants?

2. What is the term used for the type of cortex where there is an apparent lack of stellate cells due to individual layers no longer being obvious?

3. What causes the situation in question 2?

Back 25

1. Horizontal cells

2. Agranular

3. Pyramidal and Fusiform cells are more ubiquitous and they block out the stellate cells

Front 26

1. What are afferents from one hemisphere to another place in the same hemisphere called?

2. What are afferents from one hemisphere to the contralateral hemisphere called?

Back 26

1. Association fibers

2. Commissural fibers

Front 27

1. What are the 2 Key Areas of the association cortex?

2. What is the function of association areas?

3. What is the function of the parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex?

Back 27

1. Prefrontal cortex
2. Parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex

2. Send info to the motor cortex --> Make sure you move only the areas that you want to move when throwing a ball

3. When you hear a command, auditory info is processed and then it signals motor

Front 28

1. What are the 2 large association nuclei in the thalamus?

Back 28

1. Dorsomedial Nucleus (DM)

2. Pulvinar/LP Complex

Front 29

1. What is the Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus reciprocally connected with?

2. What prefrontal functions is it involved with?

3. What is the consequence of B/L DM damage?

4. What is the consequence of U/L DM damage?

5. Where do the inputs for the DM come from?

Back 29

1. Prefrontal Cortex

2. Affect and foresight

3. same as Prefrontal Lobotomy

4. Nothing

5. Limbic system (amygdala)

Front 30

1. Where are corticocortical fibers found?

2. What are the two major bundles?

Back 30

1. b/w homologous areas of the two hemispheres (commissural); b/w lobes of the same hemisphere (association)

2. Commissural fibers and association fibers

Front 31

1. Where do Commissural fibers arise from?

2. Where do most efferent fibers to the cortex of the contralateral hemisphere pass through?

3. What connects the temporal lobes to each other?

Back 31

1. Pyramidal cells in Layers II and III

2. Corpus collosum

3. Anterior commissure - especially middle and inferior temporal gyri

Front 32

1. What two pieces of the Corpus Collosum form the Forceps Minor?

2. What is the function of this structure?

3. What does the Trunk of the corpus collosum connect?

4. What does the Splenium interconnect?

Back 32

1. Rostrum and Genu

2. Interconnects the anterior part of the frontal lobes

3. Posterior part of the frontal lobe, the entire parietal lobe and superior part of the temporal lobe

4. Occipital lobes

Front 33

1. Which cortical areas DO NOT receive commissural fibers?

Back 33

1. Hand area of the somatosensory cortex

2. Brodmann 17 (occipital area)

Front 34

1. What are the most prominent bundles of association fibers?

Back 34

1. Superior Longitudinal fasciculus (arcuate fasciculus)

2. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

3. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

4. Cingulum

Front 35

1. What makes up the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (arcuate fasciculus?

2. Where do fibers to the temporal lobe travel around?

3. Are association fiber bundles discrete, point to point pathways?

Back 35

1. Long pair of bidirectional bundles of neurons that connect the front (frontal lobe) and back of the cerebrum (parietal, temporal, and occipital)

2. The putamen

3. No - They enter and leave the path all along the course

Front 36

1. Where does the Superior Occipitofrontal fasciculus run?

2. Does it run parallel or perpendicular to the fibers of the corpus collosum?

3. What is another name for this bundle?

Back 36

1. B/w the Frontal and Occipital lobes, parallel to the Corpus Callosum and the Cadate nucleus

2. Perpendicular

3. Subcollosal bundle

Front 37

1. Where does the Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus run?

2. Where do its fibers fan out?

3. What is the Uncinate Fasciculus?

Back 37

1. Bwlow the insula from the Frontal Lobe --> Temporal Lobe --> Occipital Lobe

2. Both ends of the fasciculus

3. The fibers that hook around the lateral sulcus and Interconnect the Orbital Cortex and Anterior Temporal Cortex

Front 38

1. What is the Cingulum?

2. What is its function?

Back 38

1. Collection of white matter fibers projecting from Cingulate Gyrus --> Entorhinal Cortex

2. Communication b/w components of the Limbic System

Front 39

How many Brodmann Area 17s do you have and where is it located?

Back 39

1. You only have ONE --> Located on the midline

Front 40

1. What are the 2 main types that the association cortex is commonly divided into?

2. What is the function of unimodal association areas?

3. What is an example of a unimodal association area?

4. What is the function of multimodal association areas?

5. What is an example of a multimodal association function?

Back 40

1a. Adjacent to a primary motor area or a unimodal association area
1b. Multimodal or heteromodal association areas

2. Elaboration of the business of that primary area - NOTHING ELSE ASIDE FROM THAT AREA'S FUNCTION

3. Area 18 and 19 surround the visual cortex and ONLY part of the visual association cortex

4. High level intellectual functions - Neurons Responding to multiple sensory modalities that may change their response under different circumstances

5. People yell at you and you have a ball flying at you, so you hit the ball (Baseball)
People yell at you and you have a ball flying at you, so you run away (Being Assaulted)

Front 41

1. What is Brodmann Area 3 concerned with?

2. What is Brodmann Area 1 concerned with?

3. What is Brodmann Area 2 concerned with?

Back 41

1. Slowly adapting cutaneous receptors - Ruffini Nerve Endings (and a little bit of motor as of recently)

2. Rapidly adapting cutaneous receptors - Pacinian Corpuscles

3. Deep receptors of the joints

Front 42

1. The primary somatosensory area is 3, 1, 2. Where is the secondary somatosensory area (S2)?

Back 42

1. Parietal operculum --> Buried in the lateral sulcus

Front 43

1. What Brodmann Area is the Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)?

2. What is the function of Brodmann 41?

3. What is the function of Brodmann 42?

4. What does 42 look like in the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres?

5. What is Brodmann 22?

Back 43

1. 17

2. Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) - Receives most of the auditory radiation fromt he medial geniculate nucleus via the Sublenticular part of Internal Capsule

3. A2 - Receives auditory info from 41 and MGenic Nucleus

4. Dominant - Long and thin; Non-dominant - Short and fat (OVERALL VOLUME IS THE SAME!!!!!)

5. Auditory association cortex

Front 44

1. What is the function of Brodmann 4?

2. What is the function of Brodmann 6 and where is it located?

Back 44

1. Discrete contralateral movements of one muscle or small groups of muscles
1a. Ex: Palate, pharynx, masseter, tongue (but not the face) are BILATERAL

2. Anterior to precentral gyrus - Slower movements and larger groups of muscles

Front 45

1. Why does language tend to be lateralized in the human brain?

2. Which hemisphere is dominant?

3. Which side are right-handed people dominant on?

4. What side are the majority of left-handed people dominant on?

Back 45

1. Cerebral Dominance

2. The one that is more important for comprehension and production of language

3. Left

4. Left

Front 46

1. What is non-fluent, motor, or expressive aphagia?

2. What are the symptoms?

Back 46

1. Broca's aphagia

2. Inability to speak or write coherently. They can comprehend though

Front 47

1. What is the pathway that a signal takes when you read a word and want to say it out loud?

Back 47

1. Info to the primary visual cortex --> Posterior speech area (including Wenicke's) --> Broca's --> Primary Motor Cortex

Front 48

1. What is the pathway that a signal takes when you want to speak a word that is heard?

Back 48

1. Info goes to the Primary Auditory Cortex (temporal Lobe) --> Posterior Speech Area (Wernicke's) --> Broca's --> Primary Motor Cortex

Front 49

1. What is fluent aphagia?

2. Where is it located?

3. What does this area contain regarding language?

Back 49

1. The things you say don't make sense - You have no idea what's going on, but you can speak coherent words

2. Wernicke's Area

3. Mechanisms for the formation of language

Front 50

1. What is Paraphagia and what disease is it associated with?

2. What are Neologisms and what disease are they associated with?

3. What is Jargon Aphagia and what disease is it associated with?

Back 50

1. Wernicke's - Substitution of one word for another

2. Wernicke's - Insertion of new and meaningless words

3. Wernicke's - Stringing of words and phrases in an order than conveys little or no meaning (Teenagers)

Front 51

1. What are the consequences of large lesions in the right Parietal Lobe?

Back 51

1. Difficulty w/ Spatial Orientation to everything on the LEFT SIDE

2. Pt may ignore the halves of objects to the left and the left side of the body

3. Difficulty following maps or in finding location even in familiar surroundings

Front 52

1. What are the consequences of large lesions in the left parietal lobe?

Back 52

1. Contralateral Neglect

2. Wernicke's disturbances --> Aphasic Disturbances

Front 53

1. What are the consequences of parietal occipital temporal association cortex damage?

Back 53

1. Agnosias - Difficulty recognizing, IDing, and naming categories of objects

2. Apraxias - Loss of ability to coordinate movements or manipulate objects w/o motor or sensory impairment

3. Aphagia - Loss of ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language

Front 54

1. Lesions to the prefrontal cortex can cause what symptoms?

Back 54

1. Pt becomes Carefree and Euphoric

2. Loss of capacity to do things for a delayed reward (democrats)

3. Less inclined to observe social norms (republicans)

4. Lowered level or concentration, attention span, initiative, spontaneity, and abstract reasoning

Front 55

1. What is pictured here and what caused it?

2. What is it's genetic cause?

3. What movements are characteristic of this disease?

Back 55

1. Huntington's Disease --> Decay of head of the caudate

2. Autosomal Dominant

3. Choreiform Movements