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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is CSF circulated?
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cillia in ventricles circulate it after choroid plexus creates it
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Pathologies of the CSF
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-discolored (blood or infection)
-cell count (should be 5 lymphocytes/mL) -sterile (or else bacterial infection) -protein concentration (too much = MS, neorosyphillis) -glucose levels (check for fungus/bacteria) |
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Patholgies of ventricular system and cortex
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-increased brain volume: edema, abcess, neoplasm, hypoxia, infarct, meningitis
-increase focal brain volume: intra-cereb. hemmorhage, neoplasm, tumor -hydrocephalus -increased vasodialation/obstruction. |
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Diagnostic tests for CSF
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-lumbar puncture
-myelography -imaging -pneymoencephalography (air) -ventriculography -radioisotope brain scan |
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What does the fasiculus gracillis contain?
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epicritic neurons for the lower half of tehe body
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what does the fasiculus cuneatus contain?
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epicritic neurons from the upper half of the body
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What do lesions of the DCML system affect?
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disciminative touch, proprioception, kinestieia
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tests for DCML lesions
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2 pt tactile discrimination, vibratory sense, position sense, stereognosis, graphestisia
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what is stereognosis?
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ability to identify objects with the hand
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what is graphesthesia?
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ability to identify letters or numbers traced on the hand or body
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what can result from an impairment of the MCA?
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contralateral hemiplegia, impaired sensory functions (epicritic and protopathic), haphasia, constuctional apraxia, temperospacial deficits, homonymous hemianopsia, reading/writing deficits
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what can result from an impariment of the ACA?
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paralysis for legs and feet, prefrontal lobe symptoms, decreased spontinaity, motor inaction, impaired judgement and concentration
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what can result from an impairtment of th PCA?
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homonymous hemianopsia
if in basilar artery: blindness, pntine and cerebellar issues |
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Rule for Vascular system disorders:
-sudden development of contr. hemipl. of lower face, arm and upper extremity more than leg with accompanying sensory loss |
occlusions of the MCA, caused by thrombosis or embolism
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Rule for Vascular system disorders:
-toe, foot, and leg paralysis, sneosry loss, and mental impairments (distractibilty, indecisiveness, lack fo spontaneity) |
due to ischemia due to embolism of thrombosis in the ACA disctrubition
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Rule for Vascular system disorders:
-HH, low pain threshold |
PCA involvement, thalamic involvement
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Lesion localization: spinal central gray lesion
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bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation with preserves sense of thouch in the same limbs
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Purposes of CSF
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-protective mechanism
-chemical resevoir -boutant environment for brain -removes brain waste -reculates extravellular activity -reduces brain weight |
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what produces CSF in the ventricles?
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chorois plexus
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what do the arachnoid velli do?
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drain waste from CSF into venous sinuses
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what can/not pass from blood to CSF?
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yes: h2o, gases, lipid-soluables
nop:macromolecules (protiens and heroses) |
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Path of CSF in ventricular system
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-produced by choroid plexus, moved by cilia
-pumped by cardiac systolic and resp. movements -lateral ventrical goes to foramen Monro goes to 3rd ventrical to cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle to luschka forame and magendie foramen to subarachnoid space |
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abnormal sympoms indicating brain problem
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-headache
-nausea and vomiting -bradycardia (inc. BP) -papilledema (inflamed optic disk) -changes in conciousness -changes in skull -stiff neck |
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componants of the Dura mater
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-2 layers of fused connective tissue
-forms falx cerebri -forms tentorium cerebelli |
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cranial layers
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-cranium, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater, cortex
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purpose of cerebral blood circulation
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-nutrition: flucose
-nerve cell metabolism -provide O2 -remove CO2 |
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What does the external carotid artery supply?
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forehead, facial muscles, oral and nasal regions, obital cavities
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what does the internal carotid artery supply?
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cavernous sinus, anterior choroidal and obthalmic areas
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what does the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) subdivide into?
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anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middle cerebral artery (MCA) |
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where does the Anterior Cerebral artery course? (ACA)
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projects forward and medially via the interhemisphereic fissure, around the corpus collosum
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what does the ACA branch into?
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-orbial
-frontopolar -callosomarginal -pericallosal arteries |
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what does ACA anastomos with, and where?
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PCA, from basilar arteries
MCA, from ICA (watershed area) |
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Where does the MCA run, supplying which areas?
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runs medially via the Sylvian fissure, supplies lateral surface of cortex
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what does MCA divide into?
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-temporal
-frontal -parietal arteries |
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what special areas does the MCA supply?
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-motor speech and motor cortex
-precentral gyrus -Broccas area -sensorimotor areas -somatosensory areas -Heschl's gyrus (audition) -angular and supramarginal gyri -Wernicke's area |
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MCA lesion symptoms
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-general somatosensory problems
-poor tactile distcrimination, astereognosis -lack of touch, pain, temp. sense -hemianesthesia |
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Other MCA related problems
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-poor sense of position
-temprorospacial problems -cont. HH -apasia, apraxia, dyslexia, dysgraphia --> L MCA -anosgnosia --> R MCA |
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Posterior spinal artery:
--supplies: --Damage = |
s: medulla, SC
D: DCML, impairs fine discrimination and stereognosis |
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Anerior spinal artery:
--supplies: --damage = |
s: lower medulla, ventral 2/3 of SC
D: hemiplegia, epicritic and protopath. hemisense. loss -lesion above decuss. in medulla: alternating hemiplegia |
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA):
supplies damage= |
s: ipsilateral cerebellum
D: coordination of rapid movements |
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Posterior Cerebral artery (PCA)
supplies: Damage=: |
s: ant. and inf. frontal lobes, inf. and med. occipital lobes, uncus
D: HH, blindness, cerebellar symptoms |
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Superior Cerebellar artery
supply: Damage= |
s: cerebellum, midbrain
D: motor incoordination, impaired balance, ataxic or flaccid dysarthria |
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Name some penetrating arteries and what they supply
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arteries: medial striate, anteromedial and posteromedial, posterolateral, anterior and posterial choridal
Supply: thalamus, internal capsule, hypothalamus, chorois plexus, basal ganglia, caudate, putamen, GP |
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what is an embolism?
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traveling clot from a detatched thrombosis, trapped in a distal artery
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what is a thrombosis?
thrombophlembitis? |
localized buildup of fat or blood platelets
tbis: traveling clot from peripheral artery |
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what is a hemorrhage?
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ruptured blood vessel
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what is an aneurysm?
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ballooning of arterial wall
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what is an AVM?
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congenital condensed capillaries (aterial venous malformation)
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define epicritic sensation
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discrimination and topogrpahic localiztion of touch, snsation, and temp. stimuli
higher order UMN or CNS cerebral functions |
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define protopathic sensation
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primitive or crude sensation, PNS nerve fibres
lower order pain and temp sensation, pooly localizable (anterio lateral, spinothalamic tracts) |
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where are the veins and arteries housed in the cortex?
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Veins: in dura mater
arteries: in pia mater |
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where do these veins collect blood from and dump in to?
-superficial middle cerebral veins -inferior cerebral veins -superior cerebral veins |
SM: from lateral brian to cavernous sinus
I: from basal surface to cavernous, petrosal, and transverse sinuses S: from middle surface to superior sagital sinus |
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what does the anterolateral system do, and where does is project from/to?
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-transmits diffuse touch, backup system to somatosensory system
-goes from VPL of thalamus thru internal capusle to post-central gyrus |
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Damage to Anterolateral system __(here)__ causes what?
-ascending fibers -spinal nerves (PNS) -spinothalamic fibers |
AF: alters sensation of pain, temp, lght touch, pressure
PNS: burning pain in damage region SF: prohibits pain/temp transmission to somatosensory cortex |
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Where are First Order sensory neurons?
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-outside CNS in ganglion
-enters SC or BS via dorsal root or sensory cranial nerves |
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Where are Second Order sensory neurons?
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-in dorsal gray matter (SC) or BS
-decussate (BS, if ALS, Medulla if DCML) -grouped into faccisuli and lemnisci -reach VPL Nucleus -terminate in sensory nuclei |
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Where are Third Order sensory neurons?
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-at thalamic level
-axons go thru thalamocortical radiaion to sensory cortex -reach post central gyrus |
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where are these senses sensed?
-face/tongue/mouth -vision -audition -general somatosensory |
-supra-sylvian region
-occipital cortex -temporal lobe -parieal and temporal cortex |
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Lesions of ALS __here__ imply what deficits?
-spinal level -posterior fossa level -supratentorial level |
SL: segmental deficits, all sensory modalities involved, sensation of pain percieved
PFL: contr. sensory loss (trunk, extremities), ipsilat. sensory loss (face) STL: entirely contrl. sensory loss |
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What does the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal system perceive?
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-stereognosis
-vibration -propreoception -kinesthesia -graphesthesia |
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what is the DCML tract comprised of?
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fasiculs gracilis, fasiculus cuneatus
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what is the ALS comprised of?
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lateral spinothalamic tract, anterior spinothalamic tract
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what does the Anterolateral System sense?
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pain, temp, diffuse crude touch
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What do the __ tracts mediate?
-lateral spinothalamic anterior spinothalamic |
-lat: pain and temp
-ant: crude touch |
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name some other aceding tracts
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-spinocerebellar tract
-spinotectal tract -spinoreticular tract -spinal column |
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4 events contributing to visual perception
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1. refraction of light rays via lens and cornea
2. conversion of electromagnetic energy of light to nerve impulse 3. transmission of action potential 4. perception of visual image |
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discriminate visual field from retinal field
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V; area in world you see
R: VF image seen in reverse on retina |
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Componants and purpose of the Anterior Cavity
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contains: iris, cornea, lens, aqueus humor, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments
does: refract light rays and image on retina contains anterior and posterior chambers |
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details of Anterior Chamber
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-between cornea and iris
-contains aqueous humor -drains into venous system -maintains intraocular pressure |
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details of posterior chamber
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-contains lens and suspensory ligament
-contains aqueous humor -helps maintain intraocular pressure |
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details of the posterior cavity
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-between lens and retina
-contains vitreous humor -helps maintain intraocular pressure -keeps eyeball from collasping |
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name and describe the 3 occular layers
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-sclera: dura mater extention and corna
choroid: middle vascular tunic, blood supply retina: inner nervous tunic |
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describe the lens
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-multiple layers of protien
-behind pupil, suspended -focus via refraction of light rays onto retina |
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describethe retina
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-posterior 2/3 of eyeball
-10 layers of cells -rods increase to see black and white -rods decrease to see color |
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describe cone cells
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phototopic cones, different size for different colors
-function in bright daylight -sharp visual acuity (color vision) -high temporal rsolution |
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describe rod cells
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-scotopic
-midate night vision -funcion in dim light -differentiate white/gray/black -detect movement, shapes |
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what is rhodpscin?
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light absorbing molecule
-decomposes and regenerates in 7-30minutes -nyctalopia (night blindness) |
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deferentiate the
CIRCULAR muscle from the RADIAL muscles |
c: constrictor, decrease pupil size, parasympathetic system
R: increase pupil size, sympathetic system |
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what is the fovea?
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center of the retina, most acute vision, projects to tip of occipital lobe
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general neural tract of vision
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optic nerve (retina, optic chasm), to optic tract (branch to lateral geniculate body or superior colliculous), thalamus (geniculocalcarine radiations), visual cortex (in occipital lobes)
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