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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 major groups of neurotransmitters
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amino acids
amines peptides |
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small molecule NTs =
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amino acids
amines |
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3 amino acid NTs
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glutamate
gamma-amino butryic acid glycine |
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5 types of amine NTs
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ACh
dopamine epi norepinephrine serotonin |
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5 types of peptide NTs
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cholecystokinin
dynorphin enkephalin somatostatin substance P |
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3 types of diffuse modulation
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endocrine
divergence volume conduction |
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2 modes of synaptic transmission
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point to point communication
diffuse modulation |
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3 amine NTs all synthesized by same pathway
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dopamine
epi NE |
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Which neurons DO contain dopamine-beta-hydroxylase?
which do NOT? |
noradrengergic neurons contain dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
dopaminergic neurons do NOT |
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cells with what compound synthesize, sotre and replease epi?
where are these cells found? |
PNMT
adrenal medulla |
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why do catecholaminergic receptors lead to relatively "slow" effects?
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GPCRs are NOT ligand gated ion channels
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what type of receptors modulate the excitability of the neurons?
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catecholaminergic receptors
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amino acid precursor for dopamine/epi/NE?
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tyrosine
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the locus coeruleus contains what type of neurons?
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12, 000 noradrenergic neurons
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is locus coeruleus bilateral or unilateral?
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bilateral
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most diffuse innervation of all small molecule NT systems =
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noradrenergic neurons
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noradrenergic neurons innervate almost all of what 6 regions?
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cerebral cortex
thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum midbrain spinal cord |
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NE influences the regulation of 8 things?
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attention
arousal sleep-wake cycles learning & memory anxiety pain mood brain metabolism |
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what 3 things activate the locus coeruleus
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new, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli
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when is locus coeruleus LEAST active?
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when a person is NOT vigilant
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increases in noradrenergic transmission cause _____
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psychostimulation
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reduction of noradrenergic transmission in the brain results in ____ & _____
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depressed mood
low activity |
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2 major groups of neurons in the brain that are dopaminergic
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substantia nigra
ventral tegmental area |
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dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra innervate the _____ (_____ & ______)
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striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
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In the striatum, dopamine acts to...
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facilitate the initiation of voluntary movements
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ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons innervate _____ & ______
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frontal cortex
part of the limbic system |
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dopaminergic aspect of "reward" system
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dopaminergic stimulation of frontal cortex & part of limbic system
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2 psychostimulants
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cocaine
amphetamines |
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action of cocaine (and one of amp's actions)
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blocks reuptake of NE and DA into presynaptic terminal
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result of NE staying in the cleft longer and at increased concentrations
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increased alertness
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result of DA staying in cleft longer and at increased concentrations
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euphoria
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psychostimulants produce what two NT-related states
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depletion of NT
tolerance to psychostimulant action |
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what kind of chemical is serotonin (chemical name?)
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serotonin is an indoleamine
= 5-HT |
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from what amino acid is serotonin synthesized?
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tryptophan
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major route of removal of 5-HT from synapse
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reuptake
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where is serotonin clustered in the brainstem?
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9 raphe nuclei
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2 groups of raphe nuclei
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caudal group
rostral group |
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caudal group of serotonin-containing nuclei innvervates ______
where it mediates _____ |
spinal cord
modulates pain related sensory signals |
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rostral group of seratonin containing nuclei is found in the _____ & _____
it innervates ______ |
located in the pons and midbrain
innervate most of the brain |
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when do raphe nruons function
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in wakefulness
fire during the awake state |
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raphe nuclei are part of what system?
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reticular activating system
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blockade of sertonin reuptake = important mechanism in the treatment of _______
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depression
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LSD is an agonist at _____
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presynaptic 5-HT receptors
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LSD agonist action
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inhibiting firing of raphe neurons
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major cholinergic nuclei in the brain are in the _____ _____ _____
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basal forebrain complex
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what is the basal forebrain complex
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group of related nuclei in the telencephalon
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2 major groups in basal forebrain complex
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MEDIAL SEPTAL NUCLEI - innervate the hippocampus
BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT - neurons innervate the neocortex |
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first cells to die in Alzheimer's disease (theoretically)
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cells of basal forebrain complex
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3 functions of basal forebrain complex neurons
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learning and memory
arousal sleep-awake cycles |
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group of cholinergic nueclei in the pons and midbrain tegmentum
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phontomesencephalotegmental complex
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ACh from the pontomesencephalotegmental complex regulates
what where via what structures |
regulates the excitability of
the sensory relay nuclei via neurons that project into the thalamus |
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leptomeninges
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arachnoid mater
pia mater |
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pachymeninges
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dura mater
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subarachnoid space contains...
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contains CSF and arteries
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what connects arachnoid and pia
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trabeculae
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pia mater follows brain into...
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sulci
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3 layers of dura mater
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periosteal layer - closely adhered to calvarium
meningeal layer - forms infoldings dural border cells - plane of structural weakness |
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site of subdural hematoma
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dural border cells
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3 infoldings of dura
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falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli |
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blood supply of dura stems mostly from which artery
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middle meningeal a
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supratentorial dura is innervated by...
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trigeminal nerve
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infratentorial dura is innervated by...
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upper cervical nerves
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between which 2 layers of dura are the dural venous sinuses located
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periosteal & meningeal
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what provide major venous drainage paths for brain
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dural venous sinuses
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are there valves in CNS venous system?
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no
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where does subdural hematoma occur
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between dura and arachnoid
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describe subdural hematoma
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brain with attached arachnoid rotate in the skull
bridging veins traveling to dural sinus are torn in plane of dural border cells |
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two layers of arachnoid
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arachnoid barrier cell layer
arachnoid trabeculae |
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subarachnoid cisterns are...
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enlargements of subarachnoid space
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arachnoid villi are location of transfer of...
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CSF into venous sinuses
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2 mechanisms of transfer involving arachnoid cap cells
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intercellular channels - btw cells
mediated transport through cells |
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SAS
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subarachnoid space
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arachnoid hemorrhage
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arteries in the subarachnoid space may rupture and bleed
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thin layer of CT that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
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pia mater
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20% of CSF is found in the
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SAS
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80% of the CSF is found in the
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ventricular system
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where are the ventricles?
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???
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4 functions of CSF
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physical support
excretory function - no lymphatic system in brain, so CSF helps with drainage intracerebral transport - e.g.: hormones control of the chemical environment of the CNS |
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total CSF volume
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about 150 mL
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rate of CSF production
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20 mL/hour
500 mL/day |
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where is CSF produced?
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choroid plexus
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CSF pressure
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10-20 cm of H2O
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location of choroid plexus
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lateral ventricles
roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricles |
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blood supply of choroid plexus
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choroidal arteries
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path of secretion of CSF
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fluid moves from capillary through collagen
thru choroid epithelium CSF secreted into ventricle |
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regulation of CSF secretion
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Na-K ATPase
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can decrease Na exchange and thus decrease CSF secretion |
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does CSF have cells?
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no - should NOT have RBCs or WBCs!
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ependyma
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glial cells form the lining of ventricular system
secrete about 20% of CSF |
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hydrocephalus
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enlarged ventricles
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3 types hydrocephalus
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communicating
non-communicating ex vacuo |
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communicating hydrocephalus
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ventricular system communicates with subarachnoid space
block in SAS |
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non-communicating hydrocephalus
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ventricular system does NOT communicate with subarachnoid space
block btw lateral ventricles and SAS |
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ex vacuo hydrocephalus
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ventricular enlargement secondary to cerebral palsy; not pathologic
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3 characteristics of blood brain barrier (BBB)
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tight junctions of endothelial cells
paucity of pinocytic vesicles pericytes, perivascular microglia and astrocytic end feet |
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molecular movement of BBB
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diffusion
carrier mediated transport, eg.: glucose active transport |
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circumventricular organs
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areas without BBB
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several structures primarily located around 3rd and 4th ventricles that have fenestrated endothelium and increased pinocytic vesciles
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circumventricular organs
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blood can be detected by neurons in these regions
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circumventricular organs aroudn 3rd and 4th ventricles
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area postrema
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circumventricular organ
vomiting center stimulated by chemotherapy |
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circumventricular organs have a role in secretion of ...
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neuropeptides and hormones
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morphology of blood-CSF barrier
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cuboidal epithelial cells
endothelial cells - similar characteristics to BBB |
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anterior spinal artery supplies...
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anterior cord and lateral corticospinal tracts
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occlusion of anterior spinal artery results in...
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bilateral weakness
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posterior spinal arteries are
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paired
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posterior spinal arteries supply...
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posterior columns and lateral corticospinal tracts
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occlusion of posterior spinal arteries results in...
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sensory deficits and possibly weakness
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Artery of Adamkiewicz
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spinal cord watershed area in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar region
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when is artery of adamkiewicz in danger of being damaged?
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during arotic surgeries
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internal carotid system consists of ...
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internal carotid arteries (ICA) and their branches
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ICA originates from the
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common carotid
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each ICA gives off ____, ____ and ____ before dividing into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
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opthalmic
posterior communicating anterior choroidal arteries |
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after giving off the opthalmic, posterior communicating and anterior choroidal arteries, the ICA divides into the ____ & _____
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anterior and middle cerebral aa.
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vertebral aa arise from the ...
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subclavian a.
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anterior circulation of brain derives from the...
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internal carotid system
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posterior circulation of brain derives from the ...
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vertebral arteries (part of the vertebrobasilar system)
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for collateral circulation channels between anterior and posterior circulations & btw right and left circulations
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Circle of Willis
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allows compensatory blood flow if portion of brain blood supply is occluded
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Circle of Willis
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Circle of Willis formed by anastomoses of branches of the ____ and terminal branches of the _____a.
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ICA
and basilar artery |
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anterior cerebral artery supplies the..
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medial surface of hemisphere
(leg/foot area of motor and sensory cortex) |
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middle cerebral artery alolng the...
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lateral convexity of hemisphere
(language areas, motor and sensory cortex) |
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posterior cerebral artery runs along...
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midbrain, thalamus, occipital lobe, inferior surface of temporal lobe
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branches of MCA
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lateral striate arteries - penetrating branches of the MCA
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lateral striate arteries
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penetrating branches of the MCA
supply the internal capsule, putamen and globus pallidus |
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disruption of MCA branches may cause
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hemiplegia
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ischemic penumbra
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area surrounding core of dead cells; tissue at risk
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3 mechanisms of stroke
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ischemic
thrombotic embolic |
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4 cerebral ischemic syndromes
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transient ischemic attacks
reversible ischemic neurologic disorders stroke in evolution completed stroke |
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classic stroke syndromes - anterior cerebral artery
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contralateral LE motor and sensory loss
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classic stroke syndromes - middle cerebral artery
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contralateral hemiparesis
contralateral hemisensory loss aphasia (dominant hemisphere) homonymous emianopia |
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classic stroke syndromes - posterior cerebral artery
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homonymous hemianopia
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