Neuro Exam 1

Front 1

Part of Neuron

integration of analog signals (synaptic potentials) to produce digital signals (action potentials)

Back 1

Axon hillock/ initial segment

Front 2

Part of Neuron

reception of synapses from other neurons

Back 2

dendrites, dendritic spines, and cell bodies most commonly

axon terminals less commonly

Front 3

Part of Neuron

Transmission of information to other neurons

Back 3

axon terminal

Front 4

what keeps ions inside and outside from mixing freely

Back 4

plasma membrane

Front 5

what two types of proteins exist to move ions from inside to outside

Back 5

channels and pumps

Front 6

The ion K is positive. There is a larger concentration of it inside of the cell than outside of it. Why is the inside of the cell more negative than the outside

Back 6

leak channels allow K to leave the cytoplasm which leaves behind a negative charge. The charge builds up until is it equal and opposite to the force of the concentration difference.

Front 7

what happens at threshold that turns a synaptic depolarization into an action potential

Back 7

voltage gated Na channels open

Front 8

the part of an action potential where the permeability of Na is zero

Back 8

absolute refractory period because a neuron can't generate another action potential at that time

Front 9

What two types of resistance determine the speed of condution

Back 9

membrane resistance and internal resistance

Front 10

Which of these types of resistance is affected by myelin? What does myelin do to that resistance?

Back 10

myelin increases membrane resistance

Front 11

what types of supporting cells in the central and peripheral nervous system produce myelin

Back 11

CNS-oligodendrocytes
PNS-schwann cells

Front 12

Function of organelles

Nissel bodies

Back 12

protein translation

Front 13

Function of organelles

Golgi Complex

Back 13

The function is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell of secreation outside the cell.

Front 14

Function of organelles

Microtubules

Back 14

esponsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other cell parts (i.e. organelles) to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon (the axoplasm)

Front 15

Function of organelles

Ribosomes

Back 15

site of protein synthesis

Front 16

Function of organelles

Mitochondria

Back 16

used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP molecule stores energy within its chemical bonds, releasing this energy to fuel cellular processes as needed.

Front 17

Function of Organelles

Nucleus

Back 17

It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell. The nucleolus of the nucleus produces ribosomes.

Front 18

If all you had available was the means to look at proteins at a synapse which proteins would you look at to determine if the synapse was electrical or chemical

Back 18

chemical-synaptic vesicle or ligand-gated receptor

electrical-connexins

Front 19

If all you had was too electrodes one record from dendrite and one to stimulate axon. what would tell you that the synapse was chemical or electrical?

Back 19

look for delay between stimulation and recording

Front 20

in depolarization channels for which ion are opened by the release of a neurotransmitter?

Back 20

Na+

Front 21

Name three things that indicate GABA has been released by the axon

Back 21

presence, release, effect pharmacological mimicry and termination

Front 22

stimulation in an axon produces rapid hyperpolarization in one dendrite. what type of receptor is present at this synapse

Back 22

ionotropic

Front 23

an axon is stimulated but you observe a slower more prolonged effect in the second dendrite. What receptor is present at this synapse

Back 23

metabotropic

Front 24

When the neural tube fails to close

Back 24

spina bifida

Front 25

what would cause a growth cone to become lost?

Back 25

an actin antagonist

cytochalasin

Front 26

In a growth cone what propels the fillopodia forward?

Back 26

actin fillaments

Front 27

In the stretch reflex what is the role of the motor neuron?

Back 27

It sends inhibitory signal to the antagonist muscle

Front 28

what instructs ectoderm to become skin?

Back 28

BMP

Bone morphogenic protein

Front 29

What inhibits the effect of BMP?

Back 29

noggin, chordin, falistatin

Front 30

What can aid in prevention of programmed cell death?

Back 30

Neurotrophins

Front 31

Name the neurotropins and tracks?

Back 31

NGF trk A (pain and temp)

BDNF trk B (touch receptors)

NT-3 trk C

NT-4 trk B

Front 32

Several touch receptors that end on the same motor neuron fire action potentials at the same time and drive the motor neuron to become active.

Back 32

spatial summation

Front 33

One stretch receptor fires action potentials at a very high rate- this, too, drives the motor neuron to become active.

Back 33

Temporal summation

Front 34

A stretch receptor and one in the patellar tendon are both active and the motor neuron fails to generate an action potential

Back 34

autogenic inhibition

could be spatial summation because inhibitory+excitatory= inhibitory

Front 35

Radial glia serve to major functions in the development of neurons. What are those two functions?

Back 35

highways along which neurons migrate radially to their destinations and source of neural progenitor cells

Front 36

What two areas are responsible for speech and how do they differ?

Back 36

Broca's area-motor speech impairment


Wernicke's area-speech comprehensoin

Front 37

Growth cones need to cross the midline for escape reflexes requiring contra lateral control. How do growth cone maneuver past the alluring midline?

Back 37

1. Midline has neutrin

2. DCC attracted to neutrin

3. Slit found at midline repels DCC

4. Robo receptor attracted to slit but wants to know if there is more past midline

5. Passes midline

Front 38

What repels axons and attracts dendrites?

Back 38

Sema 3A

Front 39

what cell layer becomes bone, muscle and blood cells

Back 39

Mesoderm

Front 40

What cell layer becomes gut liver and lungs

Back 40

Endoderm

Front 41

What cell layer becomes skin or neurons

Back 41

ectoderm

Front 42

pituitary gland

Back 42

rathke's pouch

Front 43

PNS made from what?

Back 43

Neural crest