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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Proencephalon give rise to?
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the forebrain - telencephalon (with lateral ventricles) and diencephalon (with neural retina and 3rd ventricle)
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What does the Mesencephalon give rise to?
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the midbrain
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What does the Rhombencephalon give rise to?
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the hindbrain - metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)
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To what does the caudal neural tube give rise?
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The central canal and spinal cord
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What are six neural crest derived cells?
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melanocytes, adrenal medulla cells, ANS ganglion (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric), Schwann cells, Dorsal root ganglion cells, cranial sensory ganglion cells
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How does the layer migration of neurons occur during development?
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Neurons climb radial glia fibers from the ventricular neuroepithelium to the outer neuroepithelium. The more superficial layers are populated by cells born later than those in deeper layers.
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What are four cue categories for neuronal development
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Long range chemo-attraction and chemo-repulsion and shor range contact-attraction and contact-repulsion
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The thin septum separating the lateral ventricles, the fornix, is carrying projection from the hippocampi to...?
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the mamillary bodies
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As one moves caudally the caudate appears to be limited by the internal capsule but eventually merges into...
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the putamen
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the small bridge between the putamen and caudate
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nucleus accumbens
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the striatum is composed of three continuous "nuclei"
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the accumbens, caudate, and putamen
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if you can see lateral ventricle, you can see....?
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caudate
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as one moves caudally, medial to the putamen is....(appears pale when freshly cut or gray in myelin stain)
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globus pallidus
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ventral to the globus pallidus is a commissure (one of two major such l/r connections)...
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the anterior commissure
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if you can see the 3rd ventricle, you can see the...
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thalamus
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in a coronal section at the level of the 3rd ventricle (and thalamus) one can see what two parts of the striatum divided by the internal capsule?
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the caudate and putamen
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as coronal sections move caudally, the globus pallidus appears to...
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split into two nuclei, the globus pallidus interna and externa
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the structure dealing with emotional significance of experiences, found in the ventromedial curvature of the cortex, just inferior to the receding globus pallidus and putamen (and appearing optic tract)
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amygdala
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further caudally, as the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles become visible, the amygdala is replaced by the...
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hippocampus
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at this point, what lateral ventricle associated structure is visible bilaterally in duplicate
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the caudate
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By what two landmarks can the midbrain be identified?
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the cerebral aqueduct connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles
and the cerebral peduncles |
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as coronal sections move caudally to the level of the midbrain, what structures (in the midbrain)lie immediately superior to the cerebral peduncles? just lateral to the peduncles?
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the substantia nigra and the red nucleus
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. |
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In horizontal sections where two major commissures are evident, the anterior is the corpus callosum and the anterior is...?
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corpus callosum, posterior commissure is much smaller
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two structures which make the walls and roof of the 3rd ventricle
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fornix and thalamus
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In deeper horizontal sections, as the thalamus increases in area and the Foramen of Monro appears, where is the Globus Pallidus? How is it separated from the caudate?
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nestled within the putamen;
the internal capsule |
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gracile fasciculus contains afferents from which dorsal ganglion
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lower body
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cuneate fasciculus contains afferents from which dorsal root ganglia
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trunk and upper limbs
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in the mudulla, the gracile and cuneate fibers form their respective nuclei and projections...
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decussate as and form the medial lemniscus
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the medial lemniscus projects up to...
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Ventral Posterio-lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus
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Proprioceptive information projects to the ipsilateral/contralateral cerebellum?
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ipsilateral
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nociceptive and temperature fibers decussate...
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almost immediately upon entering the spinal cord
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fine-touch discrimination fibers decussate....
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in the medulla through the medial lemniscus
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pathway which begins in the pre-central gyrus and ends in the spinal cord
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cortico-spinal pathway or pyramidal system
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other names for primary motor cortex
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Brodmann's area 4, M1
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In a section through the central sulcus, the most noticable differences between somatosensory and motor cortex are...
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the presence of Layer IV sensory afferents and the Layer V pyramidal cells (of which the largest are the Betz cells)
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the coalescing of the slips of white matter core of each gyrus forms the...
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corona radiata
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the internal capsule has two limbs, which does carries motor and sensory information?
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the posterior limb
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what portion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule is carried in the cerebral peduncles?
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the motor efferents
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in the pons, the cerebral peduncles take on a lamellar appearance before coalescing into the medullary....
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pyramids
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at what point do the medullary pyramid fibers decussate?
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at about the level of the cervical spinal cord
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the decussation of the pyramids forms what spinal tract?
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the lateral corticospinal tract
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15-20% of the fibers do not decussate, what do they form/innervate?
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the medial (or anterior) corticospinal tract which innervates trunk muscles
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why will a cerebral stroke patient only have paralysis of the lower half of one side of the face?
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the forehead receives bilateral innervation
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how is cerebral stroke differentiable from Bell's Palsey?
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peripheral nerve damage leaves the entire side of the face paralyzed, while a stroke leaves only the lower half paralyzed
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the pupillary sphincter is ennervated by...
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parasympathetics from the oculomotor nerve, originates in the Edinger-Westphal
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the pupillary dilator muscle is composed of radial fibers innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetics from the...
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superior cervical ganglion, T1
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the lens becomes more spherical when the tension on the zonule fibers is released, this process allows for...
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nearer focusing of the lens, accomodation
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ratio of retinal ganglion cells to photoreceptors in the fovea
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2:1
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rods...
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highly sensitive to low light, black and white
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cones...
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color vision, less sensitive
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the cornea is continuous with the....
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sclera which is continuous with the dura
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the choroid is highly pigmented and lies between...and is continuous with the...
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retina and the sclera; ciliary body and the iris
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the fibers which bypass the LGN and synapse in the...
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pretectal area
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the pretectal area sends projections bilaterally to the...which mediates the pupillary light reflex through CN III
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Endinger-Westphal nuclei
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endolymph lies within the...
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membranous labyrinth
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two streams of auditory information reach the cocchlear nuclei- what characterizes the processing at each nucleus?
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both- bilateral projections
dorsal - frequency analysis, direct projection to inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus ventral - timing preservation, projection to the superior olivary nuclei for timing analysis |
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the dorsal and ventral auditory streams project from the inferior colliculus into...
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the Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
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to a first approximation, each semi-cicular canal is paired with...
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the muscles of the eye that function in the same plane: lateral and medial rectus; the superior and inferior oblique; the superior and inferior rectus
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the horizontal semi-circular canals are paired with...
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the lateral and medial rectus
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if the head rotates to the left, the left horizontal semi-circular canal is...
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excited
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in VOR, the left horizontal semi-circular canals synapses on...
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the vestibular nucleus
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in VOR, the left vestibular nucleus sends excitatory projections to...
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ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus of CN III and the contralateral abducens nucleus of CN VI
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in VOR, the same left vestibular nucleus cells send inhibitory projections to...
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contralateral oculomotor nucleus and the ipsilateral abducens nucleus
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the utricle detects motion in the...
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horizontal plane
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the saccule detects motion in the...
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sagittal plane
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What two non-motor nuclei in the caudal midbrain are cholinergic?
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laterodorsal tegmental LDT
perpeduncular tegmental PPT |
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What two structures in the forebrain are cholinergic?
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Basalis and diagonal band nuclei
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What structures are cholinergic at the level of a transverse section through the inferior colliculus? (hint includes trochlear nucleus)
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trochlear nucleus IV, parabigeminal nucleus, and the parapeduncular tegmental PPT nucleus
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GABAergic projections between the caudate/putamen and the...
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Globus pallidus and substantia nigra, reticular part rSN
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GABAergic projections between globus pallidus/rSN and...
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the thalamus
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GABAergic projections from the reticular thalamic nuclei RTN to...
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all other thalamic nuclei
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the Substantia Nigra pars compacta SNpc neurons utilize what modulatory neurotransmitter?
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DA
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the SN pars reticulata contains what projection cell type - GABAergic?
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GABA, pallidal-like cells
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The DA projections of the nigra-striatal pathway terminate in the....
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caudate and putamen
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DAergic neurons in the ventral tegmentum project...
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nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal-, prefrontal-, and cingulate cortex
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Tyrosine Hydroxylase TH staining can detect what types of cells?
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DA and NE
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What nuclei does TH staining in the pons detect?
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locus ceruleus and subceruleus n noradrenergic neurons
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