Neuro-Embryology 1

Front 1

mesoderm induces longitudinal band of ectoderm to thicken and form...

Back 1

neural plate

Front 2

neural folds at lateral edges of neural plate fold inward, forming...

Back 2

neural groove

Front 3

neural groove deepens and neural folds eventually meet, where neural tube separates from ectoderm to be enclosed w/in the body

Back 3

primary neurulation

Front 4

some cells form a band b/t the neural tube and overlying ectoderm

Back 4

neural crest cells

Front 5

closure of caudal end is last in a complicated process called...

Back 5

secondary neurulation

Front 6

failure of rostral neural pore to close

Back 6

anencephaly (no brain)
meroanencephaly (nearly no brain)

Front 7

failure of rostral neural tube to close

Back 7

craniorachischisis (fatal)

Front 8

prevention of neural tube closing defects

Back 8

dietary folic acid (added to grain products)

Front 9

produced in fetal liver, found in fetal blood and CSF, leaks out into amniotic cavity to reach maternal blood supply

Back 9

alpha-feto protein

Front 10

failure of caudal neural pore to close

Back 10

spina bifida

Front 11

spina bifida types

Back 11

S.B. occulta-no neurological deformities
S.B. cystosis-more serious w/ neurological complications

Front 12

failure of caudal neural tube to close

Back 12

rachischisis

Front 13

caudal end of spinal cord is tethered to skin surrounding sacral spine, causing traction injuries by pulling brainstem and cerebellum into foramen magnum

Back 13

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Front 14

stenosis of ventricular system, causing swelling of brain ventricles as CSF can't escape

Back 14

hydrocephalus

Front 15

mesoderm and notochord secrete protein; after neural plate closure, comes from floorplate of neural tube

Back 15

sonic hedgehog (SHH)

Front 16

secreted by cells at boundary of neural folds, and later by dorsal region of neural tube after closure

Back 16

bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

Front 17

divides neural tube into 2 basic regions

Back 17

sulcus limitans

Front 18

upper region of neural tube-neurons related to sensory modalities in dorsal gray matter

Back 18

alar plate

Front 19

lower region of neural tube, gives rise to motor neurons such as those in ventral horn of spinal cord

Back 19

basal plate

Front 20

lines central canal and forms ependymal cells

Back 20

inner ventricular zone

Front 21

forms gray matter

Back 21

middle/intermediate/mantle zone

Front 22

carries fibers to form white matter

Back 22

marginal zone

Front 23

cells that give rise to sensory neurons, some cranial nerves, post-ganglionic neurons, and epidermal pigment cells

Back 23

neural crest cell

Front 24

makes lens of eye, inner ear hair cells, olfactory epithelial, parts of cranial nerve ganglia

Back 24

placodes

Front 25

forms bones (verterbra

Back 25

sclerotome

Front 26

forms skeletal muscle

Back 26

myotome

Front 27

gives rise to dermis

Back 27

dermatome

Front 28

3 primary vesicles

Back 28

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

Front 29

locate b/t rhombencephalon and spinal cord

Back 29

cervical flexure (transient, not found in adults)

Front 30

responsible for 80 degree angle of forebrain to brainstem/spinal cord

Back 30

mesencephalic/cephalic flexure

Front 31

prosencephalon divides into...

Back 31

telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 32

mesencephalon

Back 32

does not divide

Front 33

rhombencephalon divides into...

Back 33

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 34

5 vesicles at 5 weeks

Back 34

telencephalon (T at the top)
diencephalon (ABC order)
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

Front 35

telencephalon becomes...

Back 35

cerebrum and copus striatum
cavities-lateral ventricles

Front 36

diencephalon becomes...

Back 36

thalamus, optic cup, hypthalamus, etc.
cavity-3rd ventricle

Front 37

mesencephalon becomes...

Back 37

midbrain
cavity-cerebral aqueduct

Front 38

metencephalon becomes...

Back 38

pons and cerebellum
cavity-rostral 4th ventricle

Front 39

myelecephalon becomes...

Back 39

medulla
cavities-caudal 4th ventricle, part of central canal

Front 40

marks the future pons, not seen in adult brain

Back 40

pontine flexure

Front 41

thin membrane overlying surface of diamond shaped 4th ventricle forms...

Back 41

choroid plexus

Front 42

Which plate lateral deflects as pontine flexure develops

Back 42

alar plate

Front 43

develops from rostral edges of pontine flexure; rhombic lips in metencephalon form, enlarge and fuse to form...

Back 43

cerbellum

Front 44

fiber tracts that connect the 2 halves of the brain, arises from lamina terminalis

Back 44

copus callosum
anterior commissure

Front 45

majority of basal ganglia, develeoped from telencephalic area immediately adjacent to diencephalon

Back 45

corpus striatum

Front 46

important land mark that overlies diencephalon/telencephalon fusion

Back 46

insula

Front 47

depression in floor of 3rd ventricle

Back 47

diverticulum

Front 48

growth from roof of primitive mouth

Back 48

rathke's pouch

Front 49

formed by fusion of diverticulum and rathke's pouch

Back 49

pituitary

Front 50

part of pituitary that comes from floor of 3rd ventricle

Back 50

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Front 51

part of pituitary that develops from the mouth

Back 51

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

Front 52

grows in C-shape to overlie most other brain structures; forms frontal lobes and temporal lobes

Back 52

cerebral hemispheres/cortex

Front 53

addition of more and neurons to outer cortex enventually causes it to convolute forming...

Back 53

sulci

Front 54

outer cortex is smooth, due to defective neuron production/migration

Back 54

lissencephaly

Front 55

when neurons don't migrate all the way, will form a band/nodule of displaced gray matter, which is a common source of seizure activity

Back 55

heteroptopias

Front 56

progresses from birth to 2 years of age and closely correlates w/ the ability to control the hands and feet

Back 56

myelination

Front 57

most common cause of mental retardation, include microcephaly (small brain), missing copus collosum

Back 57

fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 58

production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 58

1. produced in ventricle (half liter per day in adults)
2. flows from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
3. flow through cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle
4. flows outside of brain and is reabsorbed

Front 59

developmental problem occurring in cerebral aqueduct so CSF can't pass through; trapped CSF accumulates causing ventricles to swell, causing head to increase in size

Back 59

hydrocephalus-can also be caused by tumors in ventricles