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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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C2: occipital protuberance C3: supraclavicular fossa C4: top of AC joint |
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C6: thumb C7: 3rd finger C8: 5th digit |
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C5: lateral elbow T1: medial elbow |
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L1: inguinal region L2: mid ant thigh L3: medial knee |
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L4: medial malleolus L5: dorm of foot at 3rd MTP |
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S1: below lateral malleolus S2: popliteal fossa |
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S3: ischial tuberosity |
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T4: nipple line T10: umbilicus |
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Superficial Sensations |
-sharp/dull (pain) -temperature -light touch -pressure |
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Deep Sensations DCML |
-kinesthesia -proprioception -vibration |
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Combined Cortical Sensations |
-stereognosis -tactile localization -2 point discrimination -double simultaneous stimulation -graphesthesia -recognition of texture -barognosis |
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Cognitive Processes |
-knowing -understanding -awareness/orientation -judgement -decision making -attention -memory |
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Executive function |
-plan -manipulate information -initiate/terminate activity -recognize errors -problem solve -abstract thinking |
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Perception |
-select stimuli that require attention -integrate multiple stimuli -interpret stimuli |
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Cognition Impairments |
-attention disorders -memory disorders |
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Executive Functions Impairments |
-volition -planning -purposeful action -assessing own performance |
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Perception Impairments |
-body scheme/body image -spatial relations -agnosias -apraxias |
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Perception Impairments body scheme/body image |
-unilateral neglect -anosognosia (denial of paralysis) -somatoagnosia (difficulty distinguishing body parts & start directions) -R/L discrimination -finger agnosia |
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Perception Impairments spatial relations (COMPLEX PERCEPTION) difficulty in perceiving the relationship between self and 2 or more objects |
-figure ground
-form discrimination -spatial relations (relationship of one object in space to another) -position in space ("up, down, under, raise") -topographic disorientation (relationship of locations) -depth/distance perception -vertical disorientation (may affect upright posture) |
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Perception Impairments agnosisas (SIMPLE PERCEPTION) inability to recognize/make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities |
-visual: inability to recognize familiar objects -auditory: inability to recognize/discriminate non-speech sounds -tactile (asterognosis): difficulties w/ADLs) |
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Perception Impairments apraxia inability to perform purposeful movements |
IDEAMOTOR: can't perform motor action on command, but can do it automatically IDEATONIAL: can't understand overall concept of task BUCCOFACIAL: difficulty performing mov. w/lips, checks, larynx, pharynx on command (can do it automatically) |
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Remedial Approaches |
-attempt to treat perceptual deficit -based on neuroplasticity RETRAINING APPROACH SENSORY INTEGRATION APPROACH NEUROFUNCTIONAL APPROACH |
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Adaptive Approaches |
-focus on functional tasks -use of intact behaviors to compensate -adapt environment -try to make tasks as close to pt's real environment |
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MAS 1 |
slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of ROM, when the affected parts is moved into flex/ext |
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MAS 1+ |
slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance through out the remainder (< half) of the ROM |
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MAS 2 |
more marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected parts easily moved |
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MAS 3 |
considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement is difficult |
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MAS 4 |
affected parts rigid in flex or ext |
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Motor Assessment |
-tone -reflex integrity: 1.DTR 2.cutaneous reflexes 3.primitive and tonic reflexes -CN integrity -muscle performance:1.atrophy 2.strength, power, endurance -voluntary movement patterns (synergies) -functional tasks -EMG and NCV testing |
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Electromyography EMG |
-records electrical act of muscle based on motor unit activity (when it fires, it released small electrical current [MUAP]) -fibrillations: not visible through skin, always indicate pathology |
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pathologies detected by Nerve Conduction Velocity Test |
-nerve compressions neurapraxia (e.g. CTS) axonotmesis neurotmesis -motor neuron degenerative disease polio ALS -myopathies |
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Corticospinal Tract |
-skilled fine movement, especially distal limbs -most important |
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Corticobulbar Tract |
face and throat through cranial nerves |
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Tectospinal Tract |
neck movement and head control |
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Reticulspinal Tract |
controls muscle tone & reflexes (especially in the LE) |
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Vestibulospinal Tract |
controls postural reactions, coordinates eye & head movement |
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Rubrospinal Tract |
primitive act that has been taken over by the corticospinal tract in humans |
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Basal Ganglia Pathology |
-poverty and slowness of movement -involuntary, extraneous movement -alterations in posture and muscle tone -rigidity |
