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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drug that causes fulminant hepatic necrosis?
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Halothane
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Drug that can cause malignant HYPERthermia?
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Halothane
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Two anesthetics used for maintenance rather than induction?
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Isoflurane
Enflurane |
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Anesthetic that causes skeletal muscle relaxation?
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Enflurane
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What is the potency of nitrous oxide analgesic and anesthetic properties?
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Weak anesthetic
Potent analgesic |
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What anesthetic can be given with other volatile anesthetics to produce a "second gas effect?"
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Nitrous oxide
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What effects does xenon have on cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic or renal systems?
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None
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What IV anesthetic needs to be monitored very closely for respiratory distress?
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Propofol
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You do not need to worry about respiratory depression with barbiturates. True or false.
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False
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How does localized necrosis occur with use of local anesthetics?
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Local anesthetics can increase consumption of oxygen due to increase in metabolic activity-->not enough oxygen to area
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How can the control of drug release be controlled?
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Give with a vasoconstrictive agent
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Where is free morphine found?
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Kidney
Spleen Lung Liver |
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Morphine enters the CNS. True or false.
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False
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What is the major concern with most opioids?
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Respiratory arrest
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How does morphine cause constipation?
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Increased non-propulsive contractions while decreasing in small and large intestine
Anal sphincter tone greatly enhanced |
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What effects of morphine can occur at analgesic doses?
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Nausea and vomiting
Respiratory depression Pupillary constriction |
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What is the clinical triad of morphine OD?
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Pinpoint pupils
Depressed respiratory respiration Coma |
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What are some withdrawal symptoms?
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Lacrimation, rhinorrhea
Tremors, seizures Perspiration Anxiety and restlessness Increased BP and Temp Vomiting Pupil dilation |
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What are the interactions of opioids and receptors in the paleospinothalamic system?
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Involved with perception of dull, chronic, poorly localized pain
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What are the interactions of opioids in the limbic system?
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Emotional effects
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What are the interactions of opioids and the solitary nuclei?
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Cough suppression
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What are the interactions of opioids and the area postrema?
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Nausea and vomiting
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What are the interactions of opioids and the substantia gelatinosa?
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Relay station involved in sensory information related to pain
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What are the three types of opioid receptors?
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Mu
Kappa Delta |
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What are the clinical indications for the use of opioids?
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Detoxification
Analgesia Anesthesia Cough Diarrhea |
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What are the three families of endogenous opioids?
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Endorphins
Enkephalin Dynorphin |
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Where can beta-endorphin be found?
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Pituitary
Periaqueductal gray |
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What is the definition of an opioid?
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Compound that has morphine-like effects and binds to opiate receptors
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Which isomers of opioids are usually active?
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L-isomers (not D-isomers)
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What classes of opioids act at mu receptors?
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Morphine
Endorphins**, enkephalin, dynorphin |
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What classes of opioids act at kappa receptors?
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Ketocyclazocine
Dynorphin |
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What classes of opioids act at delta receptors?
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Enkephalins
(receptors found in vans Deferens) |
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What are the main physiological effects of mu receptors?
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Supraspinal analgesia
Dependence Respiratory depression |
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What are the main physiological effects of kappa receptors?
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Spinal analgesia
Miosis Sedation |
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How can the use of opioids prevent recognition of surgical complications?
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Suppress cough reflex
Can predispose to pneumonia Decreases bowel motility Increases urinary retention |
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What drug should be given with caution to patients with low blood volume since it may induce hypovolemic shock?
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Morphine
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A patient with gallstones and biliary colic should not be given what opioid?
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Morphine
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What are some drugs that interact with morphine?
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Phenothiazines
MAOI TCA |
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What opioid can cause skeletal muscle relaxation, such as the tongue?
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Morphine
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The major pharm action of codeine can be attributed to what?
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10% converted to morphine
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What are some analgesics that are mu agonists?
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Morphine
Codeine Meperidine Fentanyl |
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Why is meperidine not recommended for patients with heart problems?
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IV administration can cause large increase in heart rate
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What mu opioid agonist is converted to a convulsant?
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Meperidine
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What mu agonist opioid is usually given in combo with droperidol?
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Fentanyl
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What opioid is given to treat diarrhea?
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Diphenoxylate
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What opioid is given to treat heroin dependence?
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Methadone
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What opioid is given to treat opioid and cocaine dependence?
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Buprenorphine
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What opioid is a partial mu and kappa agonist?
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Buphrenorphine
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How can pentazocine cause withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependent patients?
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It is a mu receptor antagonist
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What is used primarily in opioid overdoses?
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Naloxone
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What is the most common dose-limiting side effect of L-dopa?
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Dyskinesia
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Why is pyridoxine incompatible with L-dopa?
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Increases extracerebral decarboxylation, so less L-dopa is able to enter the CNS
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What is Larobec?
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Multivitamin that does not contain pyroxidone
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What local anesthetic is found in many sunburn creams and burn ointments?
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Benzocaine
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What local anesthetic is vasoconstrictive in nature and may be or may not be used with a vasoconstrictor?
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Lidocaine
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What local anesthetic can cause methomoglobinemia?
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Prilocaine
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What potent local anesthetic can produce arrythmias and myocardial depression?
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Bupivacaine
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What toxin is released by puffer fish?
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Tetrodotoxin
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What toxin is released by dinoflagellates and causes "red tide"
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Saxitoxin
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What is the medical use for cocaine?
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Topical use in upper respiratory passages
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What anesthetics are used as epidurals?
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Mepivacaine
Bupivacaine Ropivacaine |
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What anesthetics are used as spinal anesthesia?
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Lidocaine
Procaine Tetracaine Bupivacaine |
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What anesthetics are used for infiltration?
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Procaine
Mepivicaine Bupivacaine Etidocaine LIdocaine |
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What is the usual treatment for Wilson's disease?
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Penacillamine
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What is the usual treatment for essential tremor?
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Beta blockers
Primidone |
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Tourettes syndrome usually presents motor symptoms in which area of the body?
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Head, neck, shoulders
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