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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig)
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Muscle fasciculations
Muscle atrophy Weakness |
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Characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig)
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Muscle fasciculations
Muscle atrophy Weakness |
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What is the classic clinical triad of Parkinson's?
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Bradykinesia
Rigidity Tremors |
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Liver cirrhosis and basal ganglia degeneration is associated with what?
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Wilson's disease
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Kayser-Fleischer ring is associated with what disease?
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Wilson's disease
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What is the clinical triad of Huntington's disease?
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Chorea
Dementia Personality disturbance |
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Neuroimaging shows a butterfly appearance in the lateral ventricles. What disease is this associated with?
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Huntingtons
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Cardiomyopathy and diabetes can be associated with what hereditary neurological disorder?
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Friedreich's ataxia
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What are symptoms of primary muscle disease?
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Bilateral
Symmetrical Proximal Affects limb-girdle muscles |
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What is the course of an apoplectiform illness?
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Abrupt
Maximal effect in beginning |
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What are some examples of apoplectiform illnesses?
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Stroke
Hemorrhage Head Injury |
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What type of course of illness is MS?
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Relapsing remitting disease with secondary progression
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Does myasthenia gravis affect the pre-synaptic or post-synaptic NMJ?
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Post-synaptic
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Does Eaton-Lambert syndrome affect the pre-synaptic or post-synaptic NMJ?
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Pre-synaptic
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What is the timeline of muscle atrophy after denervation?
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30% lost after one month, 60% after 2 months, 80% after four months
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What is the most common symptom of neuromuscular disease?
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Weakness and fatigue
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What happens to the basal ganglia in Huntington's?
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Striatal degeneration
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What is the genetic pathology of Huntington's?
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Trinucleotide repeat (CAG); caudate loses Ach and GABA
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What are some of the clinical features of neonatal subtle seizures?
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Bicycling movements of lower extremities
Pupil dilation, blinking, eye deviation Apnea Repetitive tongue and mouth movements |
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Metabolic insults such as hypoxia or hypocalcemia can cause what type of seizures in newborns?
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Multifocal
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Hemorrhage, infarction and focal brain malformation can cause what type of seizures in the newborn?
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Focal
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Global ischemia can cause what type of seizures in the new born?
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General tonic seizure
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At what age do tonic seizures usually occur in the newborn?
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Premature
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At what age do clonic seizures usually occur?
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Usually term babies
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What are the clinical manifestations of tonic seizures?
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Tonic extension of limbs, usually upper limbs are flexed while lower limbs are extended
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What are the clinical manifestations of myoclonic seizures?
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Single or synchronized flexion jerks, usually affecting upper limb more than lower limb
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What are the clinical manifestations of clonic seizures?
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Nonordered progression
Consciousness preserved Localized clonic limb movements |
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DDx of seizures?
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Jitteriness
Exaggerated startle response Withdrawal symptoms |
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What are some drugs used in antiepileptic therapy for the newborn?
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Phenobarbitol
Phenytoin Lorazepam |
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How long does antiepileptic therapy last?
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At least 6-8 weeks, discontinued if normal EEG, neuro exam, and seizure free
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Newborn with normal neuro exam and developmental outcome, but has seizures in the first 3-5 days of life. What is a ddx?
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Benign familial neonatal seizures
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Vitamin B6?
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Pyroxidine
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Newborn with fetal signs of distress, presents with seizures that began in utero and continued within first few days of birth. What is a ddx?
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Pyroxidone dependency seizures
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What does the apgar score measure?
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
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A newborn presents with an APGAR score of less than 5. What is the significance?
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Indicates significant hypoxic-ischemic injury
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What is the clinical manifestation of stage 1 HIE?
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Hyperalert
Pupil dilation Exaggerated tendon reflex Normal EEG |
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What is the clinical manifestation of stage 2 HIE?
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Pupil constriction
Lethargy Hypotonic EEG may show seizures |
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What is the clinical manifestation of stage 3 HIE?
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May be comatose
Metabolic acidosis Decerebrate Poor reaction to light reflexes Flaccid muscle tone |
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What prognostic factors are important in determining outcome of HIE?
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Degree of asphyxiation (time)
Gestational age (term infants not as likely to have severe neurologic sequelae) |
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Parkinson syndrome can be induced by what factors?
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CO intoxication
Manganese Antipsychotic drugs (phenothiazine) Infection (encephalitis) Vascular disease Degenerative disease |
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What is the triad of defects in Dandy-Walker malformations?
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1. Partial or complete agenesis of vermis
2. Dilation of 4th ventricle 3. Enlarged posterior fossa with superior displacement of tentorium |
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Spongy degeneration of putamen is associated with what disease?
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Wilson's disease
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What is wing-beating tremor associated with?
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Wilson's disease
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Dystonia, dysarthria, parkinsonism, ataxia, chorea and sardonic grin is associated with what?
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Wilson's disease
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Milkmaid grip is associated with what disease?
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Huntington's chorea
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Juvenile onset of Huntington's has what features?
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Seizures
Rigidity More dystonia |
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What is the most common movement disorder?
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Essential tremor
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What are some causes of ataxia that does not involve lesions?
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B12 deficiency
Infections Paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Gross atrophy of spinal cord can be associated with what neurological disorder?
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Friedreich's ataxia
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High arches, kyposcoliosis, and hammer toes is associated with what neurological disease?
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Friedreich's ataxia
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What histological feature is observed with progressive supranuclear palsy?
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Neurofibrillary tangles (Tau tangles)
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What is Weber syndrome?
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Alternating oculomotor hemiplegia, lesion of pyramidal tract affecting the oculomotor nerve
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Where is the corticol area associated with vertigo?
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Intra parietal sulcus in postcentral gyrus
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Where is the lateral vestibular nucleus found?
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Pontomedullary junction
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Where is the superior vestibular nucleus found?
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Caudal pons at wall of fourth ventricle
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