Neuro Chapter 12

Front 1

exteroceptive sensation

Back 1

primary sensation that informs the brain of the external environment

Front 2

proprioceptive sensation

Back 2

primary sensation that informs the brain of position and movement of the body, limbs, and digits

Front 3

interoceptive sensation

Back 3

primary sensation that informs the brain of visceral organ sensations (distended bladder, duodenal ulcer pain)

Front 4

cortical sensation

Back 4

consists of several simultaneous basic sensations and their integration (recognition of objects by touch and weight)

Front 5

dysesthesia

Back 5

an uncomfortable hypersensitivity to non-noxious stimuli

Front 6

paresthesia

Back 6

an abnormal, spontaneous sensation of tingling, or "pins and needles"

Front 7

referred pain

Back 7

perceived along a dermatome having sensory afferents from the same dorsal root as the diseased internal organ

Front 8

sensation conveyed by posterior (dorsal) column

Back 8

position sense, vibration sense, two-point discrimination

Front 9

sensation conveyed by spinothalamic tract

Back 9

pain or pinprick sensation, temperature sensation

Front 10

mononeuropathy

Back 10

primary deficit resulting in decreased of lost sensation in the territory of one peripheral nerve

Front 11

polyneuropathy

Back 11

primary deficit resulting in decreased or lost sensation in several peripheral nerves, "stocking and glove" pattern of deficit

Front 12

intramedullary lesion

Back 12

occur w/in spinal cord, suspended or vestlike sensory loss and sacral dermatomal sparing

Front 13

extramedullary lesion

Back 13

compress the spinal cord from the outside, initial sensory loss in sacral segments, progressing up "to a level" because of lamination of spinothalamic tract

Front 14

stereognosis

Back 14

tactile recognition of common objects with eyes closed (penny, paper clip), deficit=astereognosis

Front 15

graphesthesia

Back 15

identification of numbers traced on the palm with eyes closed, deficit=agraphesthesia or graphanestesia

Front 16

two point discrimination

Back 16

tactile recognition of two sharp points separated by:
3-4mm apart at fingertip
20-30mm apart at dorsal hand
greater distances over limbs and trunk

Front 17

reflex

Back 17

quick, replicable motor response or movement provoked by a stimulus

Front 18

muscle stretch reflex

Back 18

stretching of neuromuscular spindles activates Ia fibers (afferent arc), then alpha motor neurons depolarize and muscle fibers contract (efferent arc)

Front 19

Jendrassik's maneuver

Back 19

creates relatively increased gamma activity, which shortens intrafusal fibers and lengthens (stretches) the spindle, thus augmenting MSR

Front 20

hyperreflexia

Back 20

occurs when an upper motor neuron lesion releases lower motor neurons from supraspinal inhibition

Front 21

hyporeflexia

Back 21

associated with a lower motor neuron lesion affecting efferent arc of MSR, or dorsal root or sensory afferent lesion affecting afferent arc

Front 22

superficial reflex

Back 22

elicited by tactile stimuli to skin or mucous membrane, or shining a light into pupil

Front 23

cranial nerve mediated superficial reflex

Back 23

typically consensual, with a bilateral response to a unilateral stimulus

Front 24

abdominal reflex

Back 24

stroking the skin over the abdominal quadrants causes muscle contraction and retraction of umbilicus toward the stimulus (T7-T12)

Front 25

digit flexor response

Back 25

pathologic reflex from an upper motor neuron lesion= rapid flexion of fingers after flicking the distal phalanx of middle finger down (Hoffman's sign) or up (Tromner's sign)

Front 26

toe extensor (plantar) response

Back 26

pathological reflex from an upper motor neuron lesion= slow dorsiflexion of the great toe, fanning of other toes, or both.

Front 27

Babinski sign

Back 27

elicited by stroking the lateral sole, from the heel to the ball of the foot, most reliable
may be normally present in an infant until supraspinal tracts have fully myelinated by age 1-2

Front 28

Chaddock's sign

Back 28

elicited by stroking around the lateral ankle, down the lateral side of the foot

Front 29

Meningeal signs

Back 29

from subarachnoid bleeding or meningitis
1.nuchal rigidity=stiffness felt when neck is passively flexed
2.Kernig's sign=resistance felt during full extension of knee with hip flexed 90 degrees
3.Brudzinski's sign=reflexive flexion of the hips and knees after the examiner passively flexes the neck

Front 30

Lasegue's sign (straight leg raise maneuver)

Back 30

suggestive of nerve root irritation or compression, replication of radicular pain when hip is passively flexed w/pt's knee in extension

Front 31

monoparesis or monoplegia

Back 31

partial weakness of one limb or total paralysis of one limb

Front 32

paraparesis or paraplegia

Back 32

partial weakness of both lower limbs or total paralysis of both lower limbs, typically from a thoracic spinal cord lesion

Front 33

quadraparesis or quadraplegia

Back 33

partial weakness of all four limbs or total paralysis of all four limbs, typically from a cervical spinal cord lesion

Front 34

hemiparesis or hemiplegia

Back 34

partial weakness or paralysis, respectively, of upper and lower limbs on one side. from an upper motor neuron lesion in the ipsilateral spinal cord or contralateral brain or brain stem

Front 35

muscle tone

Back 35

resistance felt in a limb moved passively by the examiner

Front 36

spasticity

Back 36

increased tone, unequal between agonist and antagonist muscles, especially in antigravity muscles. due to an upper motor neuron lesion involving corticospinal tract

Front 37

rigidity

Back 37

increased tone, equal between agnoist and antagonist muscles. due to a lesion in the extrapyramidal system

Front 38

hypotonicity

Back 38

decrease in muscle tone from an afferent sensory or lower motor neuron lesion that interrupts the reflex arc of MSR, from cerebellar disease

Front 39

fasciculation

Back 39

grossly observable, spontaneous twitch of a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single lower motor neuron

Front 40

fibrillation

Back 40

spontaneous twitch of an individual muscle fiber, grossly observable only in tongue muscle

Front 41

lower motor neuron signs

Back 41

found in a limb that has muscles innervated by anterior horn cells affected at the level of the spinal cord lesion

Front 42

upper motor neuron signs

Back 42

found in a limb when a spinal cord lesion involves the corticospinal tract rostral to the anterior horn cells that innervate muscles of that limb
seen ipsilateral to spinal cord lesions because coriticospinal tract is uncrossed in spinal cord

Front 43

radicular pain

Back 43

lightning, stabbing, shooting pain in dermatomal distribution of dorsal root.
indicates dorsal root inflammation or compression by extramedullary lesion

Front 44

transverse myelopathies

Back 44

partial or complete lesion traversing one spinal cord level

Front 45

syringomyelia

Back 45

a cavity (syrinx) w/in the central gray matter, which may progressively expand in any direction

Front 46

subacute combined degeneration (posterolateral sclerosis)

Back 46

degeneration of posterior and lateral columns, beginning in thoracic cord

Front 47

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 47

progressive degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts and loss of anterior horn cells at multiple levels of the spinal cord and brain stem
motor neurons in brain and brain stem also degenerate