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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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limbic fxn categories
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1) olfaction 2) memory 3) emotions and drives 4) homeostatic fxns including autonomic and neuroendocrine control; HOME
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hippocampal formation is essential for
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memory
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the amygdala is essential for
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emotions and drives
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main components of the limbic cortex visible on medial view
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cingulate gyrus, oarahippocampal gyrus
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what is the parahippocampal gyrus separated from the remainder of the temporal lobe by
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collateral sulcus (continues anteriorlly as rhinal sulcus)
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uncus
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bump visible on anterior medial parahippocampal gyrus
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allocortex
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ohylogenetically ancient forms of cortex-3 layers; includes archicortex of hippocampal formation and paleocortex of piriform cortex (olfaction)
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transitional cortex or mesocortex
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3-6 layered cortex; found in limbic cortex of parahippocampal gyrus and anterior inferior insula
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corticoid areas
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regions of simple cortex that overlie or merge with subcortical nuclei like amygdala
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amygdala location
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anteriomedial temporal lobe; overlaps anterior end of hippocampus and lies dorsal to the tip of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle
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3 main nuclei in amygdala
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1) corticomedial, basolateral, and central nuclei
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what diencephalic structures participate in all fxns of limbic system
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hypothalamus, mediodorsal nucleus and anterior nucleus of thalamus, habenula
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primary olfactory cortex consists of
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piriform cortex and periamygdaloid cortex
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how is the primary olfactory cortex unique among sensory systems
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receives direct input from secondary sensory neurons without an intervening thalamic relay
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what projection in olfaction may be inportant in emotional and motivational aspects of olfaction
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corticomedial nucleus of amygdala and olfactory tubercle in anterior perforated substance
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2 main areas of the brain critical to memory formation, consolidation, and retrieval
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medial temporal lobe (hippocampal formation and adjacent cortex of parahippocampal gyrus) and medial diencephalic memory areas (mediodorsal nucleus, anterior nucleus, internal medullary lamina, mamillary bodies, nuclei in lining of 3rd ventricle)
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3 components of hippocampal formation
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dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum
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principle neurons of dentate gyrus
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granule cells
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3 layers of dentate gyrus moving inward from pia
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molecular layer, granule cell layer, and polymorphic layer
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principle neurons of hippocampus and subiculum
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pyramidal cells
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3 layers in hippocampus and subiculum
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molecular layer, pyramindal layer, and polymorphic layer
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pes hippocampi
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hippocampal head (large anterior portion)
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perforant pathway of hippocampus
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through subiculum and across hippocampal sulcus to reach granular layer of dentate gyrus - gives rise to axons called mossy fibers which synapse on dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells; fibers of CA3 pyramidal cells leave hippocampal formation via fornix and also give rise to Schaffer collaterals
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What do Schaffer collaterals synapse on
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dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells- leave hippocampal formation via fornix and also synapse on next cellular layer in subiculum
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where do pyramidal cells of subiculum project
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into fornix and back to neurons in deeper layers of entorhinal cortex (completing loop)
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alvear pathway
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projection of neurons in entorhinal cortex directly to CA1 and 3
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important structure in hippocampal outputs
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subiculum
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cholenergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus are mainly from
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nucleus basalis og Maynert
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what is the fxn of cholenergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus
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modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity
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3 main forward targets for axons in the fornix
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subiculum to mammillary nuclei, subiculum and hippocampus to lateral septal nucleus, terminate in anterior thalamic nucleus
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Papez circuit
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Subiculum to fornix and travel forward to both medial and lateral mammillary nuclei
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where does the medial mammilary nuclei project
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mammillothalamic tract to anterior thalamic nucleus
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where does the anterior thalamic nucleus project
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through internal capsule to cingulate gyrus
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where does signal from subiculum go once in cingulate gyrus
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prominent white matter tract underlying (cingulate bundle or cingulum) passes from cingulate cortex to parahippocampal gyrus
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where does the parahippocampal gyrus project
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continue into entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation completing loop
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declarative
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conscious recognition of facts or experiences
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amnesia
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declarative memory loss
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what nucleus appears to be particularly important in habit learning
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caudate nucleus
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cerebral contusion
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head trauma resulting in permanent deficits in memory
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concussion
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associated with reversible memory loss except for the few hours around time of injury
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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caused by thiamine deficiency - bilateral necrosis of mammilary bodies and other nuclei
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what/where is the amygdala
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group of nuclei in the anteromedial temporal lobe just dorsal to the anterior tip of the hippocampus and temporal horn
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nuclei in the amygdala
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corticomedial, basolateral, and central nuclei (also bed nucleus of stria terminalis)
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what is the fxn/connections of the basolateral nucleus
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direct and indirect connections of amygdala to diverse cortical areas as well as basal forebrain and medial thalamus
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connections of corticomedial nucleus
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olfaction and interactions with hypothalamus related to appetitve states
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central nucleus connections
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hypothalamus and brainstem important in autonomic control
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amygdala fxns
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emotions and drives, all four major limbic fxns
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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bilateral lesions of amygdala and adjacent temporal structures; tame, nonaggresive behavior along with behavioral changes in monkeys
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stria terminalis
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C-shaped structure that runs from the amygdala along the wall of the lateral ventricle to reach ultimately the hypothalamus and septal area "fornix of the amygdala"
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ventral amygdalofugal pathway
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passes anteriorly from amygdala to several forebrain and brainstem structures
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stria medullaris
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band of fibers running rostrocaudally along walls of the 3rd ventricle on the medial surface of thalamus
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habenula
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small epithalamic structure just lateral to pineal gland
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ictal
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during a seizure
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postictal
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immediately after a seizure
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interictal
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between seizures
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simple partial seizures
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consciousness is spared
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typical duration for a simple partial seizure
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5-10 seconds
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complex partial seizures
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impairment of consciousness
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most common location of complex partial seizures
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temporal lobes
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automatisms
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repetative behaviors like lip smaking, swallowing, etc
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typical duration for a complex partial seizure
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30 seconds to 1 or 2 minutes
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tonic phase of generalized seizure
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beginning of seizure and lasts 10-15 seconds
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clonic phase of generalized seizure
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rhythmical bilateral jerking movements of extremities (usually flexion) at frequency of 1 hertz
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ictal autonomic outpour in generalized seizures
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tachycardia, hypertension, hypersalivation, pupillary dilation
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typical duration of generalized seizure
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30 seconds to 2 minutes
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absence (petit mal) seizures
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brief episodes of staring and unresponsiveness lasting about 10 seconds or less; generalized 3-4 hertz spike and wave on EEG
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status epilepticus
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seizures of any type occur continuously or repeatedly in rapid sucession
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ketogenic diet
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high fat, low carb diet that can improve refractory epilepsy in some children; temporary effect and hard to maintain
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angiogram Wada test
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sedative agent amytal injected into one of the carotid arteries to transiently inhibit one hemisphere while checking for language and memory areas on the other
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what arteries does the sedative in the Wada test travel through and what does it block
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ACA and MCA (not PCA), blocks whole hemisphere, most likely indirectly
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where are abormalities in schizophrenia thought to be located
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limbic system, frontal lobes, and basal ganglia
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