Neuro Cerebral Cortex Keifer Ssom

Front 1

The telencephalon refers to _

Back 1

cerebral hemispheres

Front 2

Cerebral cortex is highly folded and convoluted. It has 2 basic features: _ and _

Back 2

gyrus (gyri)
sulcus (sulci)

Front 3

gyrus (gyri)

Back 3

crest of a single convolution

Front 4

sulcus (sulci)

Back 4

the grooves that separate each gyrus

Front 5

Is the convolution pattern constant among individuals

Back 5

yes, fairly constant

Front 6

5 lobes of cerebrum

Back 6

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Limbic

Front 7

Insula
(is it a lobe?, buried in _)

Back 7

sometimes considered to be a 6th lobe, but not a true lobe
insular cortex lies buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus

Front 8

Basic position of each lobe of the brain:
Frontal Lobe

Back 8

largest lobe
Extends anteriorly from the *central sulcus* and lies superior to the *lateral sulcus*

Front 9

Basic position of each lobe of the brain:
Temporal Lobe

Back 9

lies inferior to the lateral sulcus

Front 10

Basic position of each lobe of the brain:
Parietal Lobe

Back 10

less precise boundaries
lies posterior to central sulcus and
anterior to the parieto-occipital fissure

Front 11

Basic position of each lobe of the brain:
Occipital Lobe

Back 11

anterior boundary extends from line drawn from parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

Front 12

Basic position of each lobe of the brain:
Limbic Lobe

Back 12

forms inner ring surrounding corpus callosum and diencephalon
on the medial surface of the brain

Front 13

Important landmarks
Frontal Lobe

Back 13

precentral sulcus
precentral gyrus
superior, middle, inferior frontal gyrus
superior frontal sulcus
inferior frontal sulcus
gyrus rectus
orbital gyrus
olfactory groove

Front 14

Important landmarks
Temporal Lobe

Back 14

superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus
superior temporal sulcus
inferior temporal sulcus (sometimes called middle)

Front 15

Important landmarks
Parietal Lobe

Back 15

postcentral gyrus
postcentral sulcus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule:
-supramarginal gyrus
-angular gyrus
intraparietal sulcus

Front 16

Medial Wall
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital Lobes

Back 16

Frontal: superior frontal gyrus
Temporal: medial occipitotemporal gyrus, collateral sulcus, rhinal sulcus
Parietal: paracentral lobule, precuneate gyrus
Occipital Lobe: cuneate gyrus, lingual gyrus, calcarine fissure

Front 17

Important landmarks
Limbic Lobe

Back 17

cingulate gyrus
cingulate sulcus
parahippocampal gyrus
uncus
callosal sulcus

Front 18

Insula
(buried in _, only seen when)

Back 18

buried in depths of lateral sulcus
only seen when frontal and temporal separated

Front 19

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal Operculum

Back 19

infoldings of these lobes deep in the lateral fissure and
they overlie the insular cortex

Front 20

Insula
3 components

Back 20

long insular gyri (gyri longus)
short insular gyri (gyri breves, more anterior)
limen insula - near the stem of the lateral sulcus, it is a surface opening leading to the insula

Front 21

Cerebral Cortex is generally made of an outer layer of _ and underlying _

Back 21

outer layer of cortical gray matter
underlying cortical white matter

Front 22

Cortical Gray is composed of

Back 22

6 layers of neuronal cell bodies

Front 23

Are all layers equally developed everywhere?

Back 23

different layers more or less well developed in different areas of the cortex
and related to the function of that area of cortex

Front 24

Cortical White Matter
3 types

Back 24

Projection fibers
Association fibers
Commissural fibers

Front 25

Projection fibers
(interconnect)

Back 25

interconnect cortex and lower brain regions

Front 26

Association fibers
(interconnect)

Back 26

interconnect different cortical areas of the same hemisphere

Front 27

Commissural fibers
(interconnect)

Back 27

interconnect similar areas of one hemisphere with the other

Front 28

Projection Fibers
Corona Radiata

Back 28

Cortical axons collect and ascend or descend between the cortex and the brain stem forming the fan shaped corona radiata

Front 29

Damage to _, particularly from _ , is common and often has devastating effects because this massive pathway is squeezed into a narrow band

Back 29

internal capsule
strokes

Front 30

Association Fibers
(2 types)

Back 30

short association fibers
long association fibers

Front 31

Short association fibers
(connect)

Back 31

connect adjacent convolutions

Front 32

Long association fibers
(connect)

Back 32

connect different lobes within the same hemisphere

Front 33

Commissural Fibers
3 main commissural pathways

Back 33

Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure

Front 34

Commissural Fibers
Corpus callosum
(size, connects)

Back 34

the largest
reciprocally connects cortical regions of all lobes of one hemisphere
with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere

Front 35

Commissural Fibers
Anterior commissure
(connects)

Back 35

connects the temporal lobe with the temporal lobe of the opposite hemisphere, and
the olfactory bulbs of the two sides

Front 36

Commissural Fibers
Posterior commissure
(marks, location)

Back 36

the transition from the midbrain to the diencephalon
is marked posteriorly by this commissure
it lies anterior to and below the pineal gland

Front 37

3 distinct types of cortex

Back 37

neocortex (isocortex)
paleocortex (olfactory cortex)
archicortex (hippocampus)

Front 38

Neocortex (isocortex)

Back 38

6 layers
newest
90% of all cortex

Front 39

Paleocortex (olfactory cortex) and Archicortex (hippocampus)
(# of of layers and name)

Back 39

3 layers - older, paleo, archi = allocortex

Front 40

Layers of Neocortex
(name)

Back 40

molecular layer
external granular layer
external pyramidal layer
internal granular layer
internal pyramidal layer
multiform layer

Front 41

Neocortex
Molecular layer

Back 41

most superficial
few cell bodies
made up of axonal and dendritic processes
has many glial cells

Front 42

Neocortex
External Granular layer

Back 42

composed of small closely packed granule cells

Front 43

Neocortex
External Pyramidal layer

Back 43

medium sized pyramidal cells
*well developed in association cortex

Front 44

Neocortex
Internal Granular layer

Back 44

closely packed stellate cells
*well developed in sensory cortex

Front 45

Neocortex
Internal Pyramidal Layer

Back 45

contains pyramidal neurons which are the largest cell type of the cerebral cortex -
they are also called Betz cells, they contribute to the corticospinal tract
*well developed in motor cortex

Front 46

Neocortex
Multiform layer

Back 46

variety of cell types

Front 47

Different regions of cortex vary in _ of different layers

Back 47

relative thickness

Front 48

visual cortex is (thickness)
well developed _

Back 48

1.5 mm total
well developed IV

Front 49

motor cortex is (thickness)
well developed _

Back 49

4.5 mm
well developed Internal pyramidal layer (V)

Front 50

Each of 5 lobes has a subdivision or area dedicated to one basic function- these are called _

Back 50

primary areas

Front 51

Primary motor cortex
(name lobe)

Back 51

frontal

Front 52

Primary somatosensory cx
(name lobe)

Back 52

parietal lobe

Front 53

Primary visual cx
(name lobe)

Back 53

occipital lobe

Front 54

Primary auditory cx
(name lobe)

Back 54

temporal lobe

Front 55

Primary olfactory cx
(name lobe)

Back 55

limbic lobe

Front 56

Within each lobe, the cortex located _ from the primary areas have a more _ function

Back 56

farther away
integrative function

Front 57

Primary association cortex
(info about)

Back 57

info about a specific modality

Front 58

Multimodal association cortex
(integrates)

Back 58

integrates info on more than one modality

Front 59

The general flow of info in the cortex is:

Back 59

Primary <--> Primary Association <--> Multimodal assoc

Front 60

Adjacent regions of cortex are generally _

Back 60

interconnected

Front 61

Multimodal association cortex of one lobe is interconnected with _
This allows for _

Back 61

multimodal cortex of another lobe
this allows for higher-order integration

Front 62

Association fiber pathways
(interconnect)

Back 62

interconnect different areas of same hemisphere

Front 63

Association fiber pathways
6 major pathways
(name)

Back 63

superior longitudinal fasciculus
inferior frontooccipital fasciculus
inferior longitudinal fasciculus
uncinate fasciculus
cingulum
superior frontooccipital fasciculus

Front 64

Association fiber pathways
superior longitudinal fasciculus
(projects, interconnects)

Back 64

projects lateral to putamen
interconnects parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes

Front 65

Association fiber pathways
inferior frontooccipital fasciculus
(interconnects)

Back 65

interconnects frontal lobe with occipital lobe

Front 66

Association fiber pathways
inferior longitudinal fasciculus
(connects)

Back 66

connects occipital and temporal lobes

Front 67

Association fiber pathways
uncinate fasciculus
(connects)

Back 67

connects uncus and anterior temporal areas with frontal lobe
(uncinate means hook)

Front 68

Association fiber pathways
cingulum
(deep to, interconnects)

Back 68

deep to cingulate gyrus
interconnects frontal, parietal and occipital cortices

Front 69

Association fiber pathways
superior frontooccipital fasciculus
(medial to, connects)

Back 69

medial to internal capsule
connects occipital and temporal cortex with frontal and insular cortex

Front 70

Brodmann's Map
(discovered)

Back 70

discovered 51 regions based on cytoarchitecture (differences in cellular lamination)
numbered the different areas
(not very systematic, still used)

Front 71

Important Brodmann's Areas:
3,1,2

Back 71

primary somatosensory cx

Front 72

Important Brodmann's Areas:
5,7

Back 72

somatosensory association cx

Front 73

Important Brodmann's Areas:
4

Back 73

primary motor cx

Front 74

Important Brodmann's Areas:
6

Back 74

premotor & supplementary motor cx

Front 75

Important Brodmann's Areas:
8

Back 75

frontal eye field (FEF)
(projects to sup. colliculus to control conjugate eye mvments)

Front 76

Important Brodmann's Areas:
44,45

Back 76

Broca's Area (expressive speech)

Front 77

Important Brodmann's Areas:
39,40

Back 77

Wernicke's Area (receptive speech),
this functional region extends down into areas 21 and 22

Front 78

Important Brodmann's Areas:
41,42

Back 78

auditory cx
(41 - primary auditory; 42 - primary association)

Front 79

Important Brodmann's Areas:
17,18,19

Back 79

vision
(17 - primary visual;
18,19 - primary association)

Front 80

Primary Somatosensory Cx
(Areas _, aka)

Back 80

Areas 3,1,2
S1

Front 81

Primary Somatosensory Cx
(occupies, inputs from _ and _; these relay info from _ _ _)

Back 81

occupies postcentral gyrus
inputs from thalamic relay projections VPLc and VPM
these relay from the
dorsal column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic, and trigeminothalamic tracts

Front 82

Primary Somatosensory Cx
somatotopically organized = ?

Back 82

whole contralateral body representation of the face, arm and leg on the cortical surface,
this little human representation is known as a homunculus

Front 83

Second Somatic Sensory Area
(aka)

Back 83

S2

Front 84

Second Somatic Sensory Area
(located, receives input from, _ organized, receives info from)

Back 84

located on superior bank of the lateral sulcus and buried deep in the lateral sulcus
receives inputs from thalamus (VP), S1 of both hemispheres
also somatotopically organized
receives info from both sides of the body (contralat predominates) unlike S1

Front 85

S1 send info along two main pathways:

Back 85

dorsal stream that projects to Areas 5 & 7 --> multisensory integration
ventral stream that projects to S2 --> size and shape recognition

Front 86

Lesions of S1

Back 86

hypesthesia and hypalgesia - contralat
but crude awareness remains (from intact S2)
poor localization
S1 must be intact for interpretation of discriminative sensations of touch, pressure, proprioception

Front 87

Lesions of S2

Back 87

the behavioral deficits are unclear and no clinical disorder has been ascribed to damage of this region

Front 88

somatosensory association cortex
(input from)

Back 88

S1

Front 89

somatosensory association cortex
(lesions)

Back 89

if S1 intact, lesions of this association cortex involve a deficit in understanding the signif of sensory info called astereognosia
tactile agnosia
cortical neglect

Front 90

Motor cortex:
(3 principal motor areas)

Back 90

Primary motor area
Premotor area
Supplementary motor area

Front 91

astereognosia
(2 problems)

Back 91

unable to interpret the shape, size or weight of objects
also includes loss of awareness of spatial relations of parts of the body on the contralateral side - most extreme form is cortical neglect, when the patient ignores one side of the body and the corresponding visual field, indeed they don't exist for this patient - often due to large lesions of the parietal lobule

Front 92

tactile agnosia

Back 92

unable to ID an object placed in the hand when the eyes are closed

Front 93

cortical neglect

Back 93

ignores one side of the body and corresponding visual field, indeed they don't exist
most often due to large lesions of the parietal lobule

Front 94

Primary motor area (aka, contains)

Back 94

M1 (area 4) contains Betz cells in layer V (an example of agranular cortex, it has an absence or reduction of layer IV)

Front 95

Supplementary motor area ---> _

Back 95

M2 (medial bank of Area 6)

Front 96

Features of the motor cortex
(major inputs)

Back 96

major inputs to motor cortex are from VLo, VLc and VPLo of the thalamus and the primary somatosensory cortex

Front 97

Features of the motor cortex
Areas 4 and 6 are the main origin of the _ _ and _

Back 97

corticospinal, corticopontine, corticonuclear tracts

Front 98

somatosensory and motor cortices are interconnected

Back 98

see picture pg. 11

Front 99

Effects of damage to primary motor cortex

Back 99

paresis/paralysis of body on contralat side
restricted damage to Area 4 under experimental conditions results in
flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, areflexia immediately following injury but only temporary
usually areas 4 and 6 involved - this leads to
***
paresis/paralysis
spasticity
clonus
Babinski reflex (or Wartenberg's reflex for hand)
hyperreflexia
all hallmarks of motor cortical lesions***

Front 100

Lesions of premotor and supplementary motor areas

Back 100

general rule = primary motor cortex is involved in executing mvments, while
the premotor and supplementary motor areas are involved in planning mvmts - thus they direct the primary motor cortex
damage to these regions may result in complex loss of behavior:
-apraxia
-agraphia

Front 101

apraxia

Back 101

inability to perform familiar tasks in the absence of paralysis,
can be due to a sensory or motor deficit, or a deficit in comprehension
(ex. can't tie shoe)

Front 102

agraphia

Back 102

a disability in writing and a form of apraxia

Front 103

frontal eye field (FEF)
(located, controls)

Back 103

located anterior to Area 6, in Area 8, and is a specialized part of the motor cortex
controls voluntary conjugate mvments of the eyes

Front 104

frontal eye field (FEF)
(damage)

Back 104

damage to Area 8 causes conjugate deviation of the eyes toward the side of the lesion and the patient cannot voluntarily move the eyes in the oppo direction, however, the mvment can occur invol when the eyes follow or track an object

Front 105

Visual Cortex
(Areas)

Back 105

17,18,19

Front 106

Visual Cortex
Primary Visual Cortex
(area, aka, location)

Back 106

Area 17
striate cortex or V1
mainly located on walls and floor of calcarine fissure

Front 107

Visual Cortex
Primary association cortex for vision
(areas)

Back 107

Areas 18,19

Front 108

Visual Cortex
Area 17
(input from)

Back 108

geniculocalcarine tract

Front 109

geniculocalcarine tract
(arises from, passes thru, forms)

Back 109

arises from LGN
passes thru retrolenticular part of internal capsule
forms optic radiations

Front 110

Columnar organization of the cortex

Back 110

primary visual cortex receives projections from both eyes
input arranged into parallel alternating columns
with one column receiving input from left eye, and
the other from right eye
thus inputs are segregated
columns are called *ocular dominance columns*

Front 111

Ocular dominance columns

Back 111

input to primary visual cortex arranged in parallel alternating columns (left eye, right eye)
appear as stripes 0.5 mm width
inputs from each eye segregated
best visualized in layer IV, but extend thru all cortical
layers
layer IV = monocular
other layers = binocular but dominance from one eye

Front 112

Ocular dominance columns are further divided into _.
They are sensitive to _

Back 112

orientation columns
sensitive to a line segment at a specific axis of rotation thru 180 degress.

Front 113

Cortical columns in striate cortex are a structural expression of _.
Visual field broken down into component parts in visual cortex in terms of _.
Info is passed forward into other visual regions where it is recombined to produce a perception of _.

Back 113

visual info processing
angles, lines, edges
form, color, depth, ect.

Front 114

Auditory Cortex
(Areas)

Back 114

41 and 42

Front 115

Primary Auditory Cortex
(area, location)

Back 115

41
located on transverse gyrus of Heschl

Front 116

Primary association cortex for audition
(area)

Back 116

42

Front 117

Area 41
(input from)

Back 117

geniculotemporal tract

Front 118

geniculotemporal tract
(arises from _ which projects through _ and passes to cortex as _)

Back 118

arises from MGN
which projects thru sublenticular part of IC and
passes to cortex as auditory radiations

Front 119

Auditory cortex is _ organized
high frequencies ----> _
low frequencies ----> _

Back 119

tonotopically organized
high > medial
low > lateral

Front 120

auditory cortex receives bilateral sensory info from _ but _ is dominant

Back 120

cochlea
contralat dominant

Front 121

unilateral lesions of auditory cortex cause _

Back 121

only partial deafness but
greatest loss on contra side

Front 122

Cortical Area for Taste
(location, Area, impulses ascend to _ which projects to _)

Back 122

gustatory area located next to sensory area for tongue and is represented in parietal operculum (Area 43) and extends to insula
impulses for taste ascend to parts of the solitary nucleus which
projects to VPM of thalamus

Front 123

Cortical Area for Olfaction
Most fibers from olfactory tract terminate in _ _ _ _
Intimately linked with _ system
info ascends thru _

Back 123

*pyriform cortex (considered primary olfactory area)*
limen insula and uncus (Area 34)
and entorhinal cortex (Area 28)
(olfaction diminished in humans)
limbic system
ascends thru MD nucleus of thalamus

Front 124

Vestibular representation
(possible area)

Back 124

superior temporal gyrus, posterior to auditory area

Front 125

Insular Cortex
(appears to integrate input from _ and relay this info to _)

Back 125

all sensory modalities
limbic system

Front 126

Anterior Insula
(integrates what functions)

Back 126

olfactory-gustatory-autonomic functions

Front 127

Anterior Insula
(stimulation produces)

Back 127

visceral sensation
Responses from:
autonomic
cardiovascular
respiratory
salivatory and
GI

Front 128

Anterior Insula
(extensive interconnections with _, reciprocally connected with _)

Back 128

limbic system
amygdala

Front 129

Posterior Insula
(integrates what functions, receives input from, linked with _ via _)

Back 129

integrates auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor functions
input from all 5 sensory modalities
linked with limbic system via amygdala

Front 130

Anterior Insula may be involved in _, while
posterior insula involved with _.
Anterior may be neuroanatomical substrate for _

Back 130

anterior - perception of internal enviro
posterior - extrapersonal space
Anterior - perception of self

Front 131

Two cortical areas specialized for language

Back 131

Broca's Area (44,45)
Wernicke's Area (39,40 and into 21,22)

Front 132

Broca's Area
(area, function)

Back 132

44,45
motor speech area (speaking)

Front 133

Wernicke's Area
(area, function)

Back 133

39,40 and into 21,22
receptive, or sensory, speech area (understanding speech)

Front 134

The two cortical language areas are connected by _

Back 134

superior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 135

Language areas are located in the _ hemisphere

Back 135

LEFT
(right-handed people = 98% in left, left-handed people = 70% in left)

Front 136

Damage to cortical language areas (usually stroke) results in a number of different types of loss of function
(name)

Back 136

aphasia
receptive aphasia
expressive aphasia
jargon aphasia
alexia
--dyslexia
global aphasia
**Often recovery of function**

Front 137

aphasia

Back 137

general term for loss of language function resulting from
damage to cortical language areas
(there are a number of special forms of aphasia)

Front 138

receptive aphasia
(aka, what)

Back 138

Wernicke's aphasia
inability to *understand* language
patients have trouble understanding speech and reading,
they can't recall names of objects
have good sentence structure but poor use of nouns

Front 139

expressive aphasia
(aka, what)

Back 139

Broca's aphasia
patients have no trouble understanding speech, but
have difficulty generating speech
their speech is hesitant and distorted
can't make proper grammatical sentences

Front 140

jargon aphasia

Back 140

fluent but unintelligible speech

Front 141

alexia

Back 141

loss of ability to read
can occur without other aspects of aphasia

Front 142

dyslexia

Back 142

incomplete alexia
problem with single word decoding

Front 143

global aphasia

Back 143

complete loss of language function
usually follows large areas of cortical damage
one consequence of damage to MCA

Front 144

Damage to cortical language areas
Recover?

Back 144

*often recovery of function*
may be associated with assumption of language function by right hemisphere
or reorganization of damaged area

Front 145

functional reorganization

Back 145

cortex can undergo signif functional reorgan in adults in response to variety of damage
impo clinical consequences for recovery in patients that have damage to nervous system

Front 146

Reorganization of Cortical Maps
(2 examples)

Back 146

reorganization of somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve injury
cortical reorganization after limb amputation in humans: relation to phantom limbs

Front 147

Hemisphere Dominance
(overview)

Back 147

two hemispheres communicate via corpus callosum
dominance discovered after callosectomy
language is example of function usually associated with left hemisphere; handedness is another

Front 148

Hemisphere Dominance
Left hemisphere
Dominant in the West?
specialized for _ _ _

Back 148

the "dominant" hemisphere
specialized for:
language
arithmetic
analytical functions

Front 149

Hemisphere Dominance
Right hemisphere
(specialized for)

Back 149

spatial abilities such as:
art
recognition of faces
emotion

Front 150

Cortical Pathology
Deficits are _ (which side)
_ functions are involved such as: _ _ _ _.
May also include _ and _
Some "cortical syndromes" can be caused by _ damage
Common causes of cortical lesions are _ _ _

Back 150

contralateral deficits (unlike cerebellar which are ipsi)
higher order functions:
aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, paralysis
may include personality/behavioral disorders and memory dysfunction
(exact nature depends on which cortical area involved)
some "cortical syndromes" caused by subcortical damage
(lesions of association, commissural, or projections fibers, or damage to basal ganglia or limbic system)
Common causes:
vascular insult
trauma
tumors

Front 151

5 signs of motor cortical damage

Back 151

paresis/paralysis
spasticity
clonus
Babinski
hyperreflexia

Front 152

Cortical Pathology
only the _ or _ may be affected unless large lesion
**loss of _ function**
_ field deficits

Back 152

only arm or leg may be affected (somatotopic organization)
*loss of higher order function*
visual field deficits

Front 153

Lesions of Internal capsule
May still see _ spasticity but _
which side
DO NOT get _ _ _

Back 153

may still get upper motorneuron spasticity but both arms and legs involved
contralateral
DO NOT get hyperalgesia, aphasia, agnosia

Front 154

Lesions of Thalamus
(deficits, hallmark sign)

Back 154

both sensory and motor deficits
*hyperalgesia*

Front 155

Consciousness
(definition, two components)

Back 155

difficult to define
two components:
-arousal (wakefulness)
-awareness (of self and enviro)

Front 156

Disorders of Consciousness
(name)

Back 156

Coma
Vegetative state
Minimally conscious state
Locked-in syndrome

Front 157

Disorders of consciousness
Coma

Back 157

acute brain state of unconsciousness immediately after brain injury during which the patient exhibits no evidence of arousal or awareness

Front 158

Disorders of consciousness
Vegetative State

Back 158

condition of wakefulness w/o answers
patients may open their eyes or show sleep-wake patterns but no purposeful response to stimulation

Front 159

Disorders of consciousness
Minimally conscious state

Back 159

condition in which patient demonstrates sleep-wake patterns but inconsistent evidence of self or the environment

Front 160

Disorders of consciousness
Locked-in syndrome

Back 160

patient fully aware but unable to move or speak (except vertical eye movement)

Front 161

Any assessment of awareness is based on patient's ability to _
new approach is _

Back 161

Any assessment of awareness is based on the patient's ability to communicate thru a recognizable behavioral response
New approach is fMRI as a behavioral response