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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Examples of integrative brainstem functions
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Cardio-pulmonary fxn, vomiting reflex, pain modulation, cranial nerve reflexes, cortical arousal (consciousness and awareness)
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3 transverse sections of brainstem
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1. Tegmentum: ant to ventricular space, contains ascending pathways, cranial nerve nuclei in a tube around the outside, then the reticular formation within.
2. Basal brainstem: pontine enlargement, corticospinal, pyramids, crus cerebri, substantia nigra 3. Tectum: only in midbrain, sup and inf colliculi |
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What 3 things are in the basal pons?
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1. Corticospinal tracts
2. pontine nuclei 3. pontocerebellar |
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What is the tegmental pons?
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Cranial nerve nuclei/ascending in a tube, reticular formation in middle
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What important nerve structure is the in the tegmental midbrain?
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Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles
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What is in the basal midbrain?
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Crus cerebri and substantia nigra
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Cytoarchitectural morphology of reticular formation?
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Primitive (nondifferentiated) isodendrites with many bifurcations and long-distance extensions
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3 longitudinal functional zones of reticular formation?
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Median: raphe nuclei -- serotonergic cells project to cortex
Medial: highly divergent communication, LOCUS CERULEUS (norepi manufacturer) Lateral: small celled, CN reflexes, visceral functions |
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Modulates forebrain activity
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Mesencephalic and rostral pontine reticular formation
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Premotor coordination of lower somatic and visceral motor neuronal pools
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Caudal pontine and medullary reticular formation
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Components of Ascending Reticular Activating System (aka WAKE THE HELL UP)
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Reticular formation of the midbrain and rostral pons, intralaminar nuclei of the the thalamus, midline nuclei of the thalamus --probably use glutamate, all function to cause alertness -- normal state of consciousness
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Norepi projection system
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From locus ceruleus to everywhere, promotes alertness and mood elevation, sleep-wake states, attention
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What system in particular communicates with the reticular formation?
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ALS - spinoreticular (via raphe nuclei)
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What is consciousness?
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Arousal -- wakefulness provided by ARAS
Awareness -- cognition provided by cerebral hemispheres |
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Is it possible to be awake and unaware?
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Yes.
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What part of the cortex must be damaged to cause coma?
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All of it.
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What part of the thalamus, given what you know about ARAS, must be damaged to cause coma?
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How about the intralaminar and medial
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What part of brainstem must be damaged to cause coma?
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The midbrain or rostral pons reticular formation, a small lesion will do it
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Do pharmacologic blockages of the norepi/DA/5-HT/H/ACh projections cause coma?
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No. Neuromodulation is slower and regulatory, unlike the ARAS
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Role of serotonergic projection system
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Psychiatric disease: depression, anxiety, OCD, aggression, eating disorders
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Mesolimbic overactivity: which projection system and result?
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Dopaminergic: "postive" schizophrenia
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Mesocortical damage: which projection system and result?
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Dopaminergic: "negative" schizophrenia, cognitive and movement deficits in Parkinson's
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Location of ACh projection formation
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Laterodosal tegmental nuclei and pontine nuclei, nucleus basalis of Maynart -- MEMORY
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Purpose of histaminergic projection system
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Alertness
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