Neuro Block 2 #2

Front 1

Which one is the precursor amino acid of all catecholamines?

Back 1

tyrosine

Front 2

Which enzyme converts tyrosine into L dopa?

Back 2

tyrosine hydroxylase

Front 3

Which enzyme converts L dopa into Dopamine?

Back 3

DOPA decarboxylase

Front 4

Which enzyme converts Dopamine into Norepinephrine? And where is it present?

Back 4

dopamine beta hydroxylase; inside storage vessicles

Front 5

Which enzyme converts Norepinephrine into epinephrine and where is it present?

Back 5

PMNT; in the cytosol

Front 6

Which one is the precursor amino acid of tyrosine?

Back 6

phenylalanine

Front 7

Which enzyme is deficit in phenylketonuria?

Back 7

enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) that metabolizes the dieteray amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine

Front 8

What are the three symptoms of phenylketonuria?

Back 8

with musty odor, decreased pigmentation of hair and skin,(lack of tyrosine the precursor of melanin is responsible for the light color) developmental delay and build up of high blood levels of phenylalanine

Front 9

Why dopamine is not used to treat Parkinsonism?

Back 9

One way of treating parkinsonism is to administer L-dopa which causes the increase in dopamine(DA) synthesis...Dopamine is not given directly because it does not cross blood-brain barrier

Front 10

Which nucleus has depletion of neurons in Parkinsonism?

Back 10

Substantia nigra: It contains the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons which project to the basal ganglia. Depletion of these cells results in the reduction of dopamine in the basal ganglia and this causes Parkinsonism.

Front 11

Name the tract which connects the substantia nigra with the basal ganglia?

Back 11

Ventral tegmental area of midbrain: meso = midbrain
It contains dopaminergic neurons which project to limbic lobe and frontal lobe.
The pathway which projects to the limbic lobe is called “mesolimbic pathway”
The pathway which projects to the cortex is called “mesocortical pathway”

Front 12

Which pathway is implicated in reward and addiction?

Back 12

Mesolimbic pathway
In cocaine addiction, increased dopamine is seen in this pathway.
This pathway extends from the ventral tegmental area of midbrain to nucleus accumbens of limbic lobe.

Front 13

Which pathway is involved in psychotic disturbance?

Back 13

mesocortical (c for crazy)

Front 14

Name the drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic bouton?

Back 14

floxetine

Front 15

Name the tract which connects the substantia nigra with the basal ganglia?

Back 15

?

Front 16

Which pathway is depressed when mesocortical pathway is stimulated?

Back 16

mesolimbic

Front 17

What happens when the mesocortical pathway is inhibited?

Back 17

schizophrenia negative symtpoms

Front 18

What happens when the mesolimbic pathway is excessively stimulated?

Back 18

schizphrenia positive symptoms/violence

Front 19

Which neurotransmitter is released in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus?

Back 19

dopamine

Front 20

What is its action on the secretion of prolactin?

Back 20

inhibits prolactin

Front 21

Which drug is used to treat Prolactinoma?

Back 21

dopamine agonist bromocryptine

Front 22

Why MAO inhibitor is used to treat Parkinsonism?

Back 22

bc dopamine is metabolized by MAO-B

Front 23

Name two drugs used to treat Parkinsonism?

Back 23

bromocryptine, selegiline

Front 24

What type of receptors are the dopamine receptors and how many types are there?

Back 24

metabotrophic, 5 total: D1-5

Front 25

How cocaine does increases the level of dopamine in the synaptic cleft?

Back 25

blocks the reuptake of dopa via the dopa transporter

Front 26

Where does cocaine act to express its anesthetic effect?

Back 26

blocks voltage gated na channels

Front 27

Which one is the precursor amino acid of all catecholamines?

Back 27

tyrosine

Front 28

Which enzyme converts tyrosine into L dopa?

Back 28

tyorsine hydroxylase

Front 29

Which enzyme converts L dopa into Dopamine?

Back 29

DOPA decarboxylase

Front 30

Which enzyme converts Dopamine into Norepinephrine? And where is it present?

Back 30

dopamine beta hydroxylase; inside storage vessicles

Front 31

Which enzyme converts Norepinephrine into epinephrine and where is it present?

Back 31

PNMT in the cytosol

Front 32

What is the other term for serotonin?

Back 32

5HT

Front 33

Where are they concentrated in the brainstem?

Back 33

raphe nuclei of reticular formation

Front 34

From which amino acid the serotonin is derived?

Back 34

tryptophan

Front 35

Name the drug which is SSRI and prevents the reuptake of serotonin?

Back 35

floxetine

Front 36

Which drug is used to relieve migraine headache and which receptor is blocked by this drug?

Back 36

summatriptan (agonist of seretonin), 5HT

Front 37

What are the food products rich in tryptophan?

Back 37

grains. Meat and dairy

Front 38

What happens when there is dietary deficiency of tryptophan?

Back 38

depression

Front 39

What are the amino acids which compete with tryptophan for entry through the blood brain barrier?

Back 39

tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine

Front 40

Why extreme carbohydrate deprivation may result in depression?

Back 40

no carbs = no insulin = trypophan cant cross BBB = no seratonin precursor

Front 41

Which helps the tryptophan to overcome the competition of other amino acids?

Back 41

insulin

Front 42

Which one is the excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 42

glutamate

Front 43

Name two important types of glutamate receptors?

Back 43

AMPA, NMDA

Front 44

What are the two ions which are allowed to pass through AMPA channels?

Back 44

Na/K (purely ionotropic)

Front 45

Increase in the number of which receptors result in the postsynaptic long term potentiation in NMDA receptor?

Back 45

AMPA

Front 46

Why seizure is one of the symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

Back 46

B6's derivative pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor in the synthesis of GABA

Front 47

What are the ions which are allowed to pass through the NMDA channels?

Back 47

Ca/Na/K

Front 48

Entry of which ion is responsible for the excitotoxicity?

Back 48

Ca

Front 49

Which ions block the pore of the NMDA channel during the normal negative resting membrane potential?

Back 49

Mg

Front 50

When the magnesium ions pop out?

Back 50

when membrane is depolarized

Front 51

The depolarization for the popping out is produced by which channel?

Back 51

AMPA

Front 52

Why phencyclidine (angel dust) can induce psychosis?

Back 52

binds to NMDA receptors

Front 53

GABA is derived from which amino acid?

Back 53

glutamate

Front 54

What is GAD and what is converted into what by GAD?

Back 54

clutamic acid decarboxylase coverts glutamine into GABA

Front 55

What are the two receptors of GABA?

Back 55

A and B

Front 56

What type of receptor is GABAa?

Back 56

ionotropic

Front 57

What ions are allowed to pass through GABAa channel when it is open?

Back 57

cl

Front 58

What are the drugs that are agonists of GABAa channel?

Back 58

benzodiazapeins, barbiturates, ethanol

Front 59

What is the difference of action of Benzodiazepine and barbiturates?

Back 59

increase the frequency (benz) inc duration (barbs) of cl channel opening

Front 60

What type of receptors is the GABAb?

Back 60

metabotrophic

Front 61

Which ionic channels open when GABAb is stimulated?

Back 61

K channels that hyperpolarize the neuron

Front 62

What happens if there is overactivity of GABA?

Back 62

loss of consciousness

Front 63

What happens if there is underactivitiy of GABA?

Back 63

seizure

Front 64

Which ions are allowed to pass through the Glycine receptors?

Back 64

Cl

Front 65

Which toxin selectively prevents the Glycine containing vesicles from docking?

Back 65

tetanus

Front 66

Name one Glycine receptor antagonist?

Back 66

strychine

Front 67

What are the clinical symptoms of strychnine poisoning?

Back 67

spasm, excess motor activity, respiratory failure, death

Front 68

In hyperekplexia or startle disease, which receptors are mutated?

Back 68

glycine receptors

Front 69

Which receptors are blocked by caffeine?

Back 69

purinergic receptors

Front 70

Why there is raised alertness following coffee consumption?

Back 70

blocking of adenosine receptors which cause drowsiness

Front 71

Name one drug which is purinergic receptor antagonist?

Back 71

theophylline

Front 72

What is the action of nitric oxide on blood vessels?

Back 72

vasodilation

Front 73

Where nitric oxide is is generally released?

Back 73

endothelial of the blood vessels

Front 74

What is the action of nitroglycerine?

Back 74

causes the release of NO and vasodilation

Front 75

What is the action of sildenafil (Viagra) on smooth muscle of the blood vessel?

Back 75

inhibition of phosphodiesterase V causing SM muscle to relax due to more cGMP

Front 76

Where the histaminergic neurons are located in the brain?

Back 76

tuberomamillary nucleus

Front 77

What are the three types of Histamine receptors?

Back 77

H1-3

Front 78

To treat motion sickness which receptors are blocked?

Back 78

H1

Front 79

To treat peptic ulcer which drug is used?

Back 79

ranitidine

Front 80

Name changes in the axon distal to the injury in the Wallerian degeneration?

Back 80

degeneration of axon, migration of monocytes, schwann cells remain

Front 81

What are the two changes in the cell body during Wallerian degeneration?

Back 81

excentrically placed nucleus, chromatolysis

Front 82

What is the difference in the regeneration in the CNS and the regeneration in the PNS?

Back 82

6 days for PNS w/ efficiency, 6 days in CNS insufficiency

Front 83

Which cells prevent the regeneration in the CNS?

Back 83

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

Front 84

List four events that take place in the regeneration of a peripheral axon?

Back 84

1. axonal sprout enters the distal stump ; axonal sprout due to actin filaments.
2. There is a dilated growth cone at the distal end and it extends along Schwann cells
3. axonal sprout stimulates the Schwann cells to divide and form myelin
4. Regeneration is complete but myelin segments, Nodes of Ranvier are smaller

It is a common practice to wait for three months before attempting to repair. It is to allow the surrounding connective tissue to grow so that it can hold the sutures.

Front 85

If there is death of dorsal root ganglia neurons, certain neurons in the sensory cortex also die, what type of degeneration is it?

Back 85

c