Neuro 9:neuroplasticity

Front 1

neural induction, restriction and patterning are mediated by :

Back 1

homeodomain, neurotrophic and transcription factors during development

Front 2

in PNS, neural crest cells lead to development of:

Back 2

sensory and dorsal root ganglia or intestinal neurons

Front 3

in PNS, neural crest cells lead to development of sensory and dorsal root ganglia or intestinal neurons, by expressing what?

Back 3

1) NGF --> Trk A and P75 receptors
2) BDNF --> Trk C and P75 receptors

Front 4

what's an ex of CNS developmental disorder?

Back 4

ancephaly
spinal bifida

Front 5

what's an ex of PNS developmental disorder?

Back 5

hirschsprung disease

Front 6

what's so great about notocord?

Back 6

tells other genes to differentiate

Front 7

when EGF/FGF signal neural stem cells, either _______ or _________

Back 7

die or keep growing

Front 8

where are the 4 places that neural stem cell pool exists in adult brain?

Back 8

1. Subventricular zone
2. Hippocampus--dentate gryrus
3. Olfactory bulb
4. Spinal cord

Front 9

During development
The formation of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are determined by ??

Back 9

NTF and Transcription factors

Front 10

how are neural stem cells isolated?

Back 10

using EGF/FGF

Front 11

what might result of competition between nerve cells at the level of the target they innervate be?

Back 11

apoptosis

Front 12

target neurons provide neurotrophic factors to facilitate what?

Back 12

the growth and support the survival of the innervating neurons.

Front 13

Lack of target support may account for

Back 13

some apoptosis

Front 14

if apoptosis in large scale, what might it be?

Back 14

degeneration

Front 15

Nerve fibers may overgrow during what time?

Back 15

the embryonic or early postnatal stage.

Front 16

the higher than normal adult level of innervation is pruned when? why?

Back 16

in the process of maturation.
This process helps to shape the final connections.

Front 17

One of the mechanism of Pruning may be the availability of what?

Back 17

Neurotrophic Factor in the target field

Front 18

what contributes to what neurons stay and what's leaves in pruning?

Back 18

activity! IF YOU DON'T USE IT, YOU LOSE IT!
if talking a lot and playing bingo --> keep it!
if in isolation --> lose it

Front 19

when are most of neurons formed?

Back 19

before birth

Front 20

what area of brain is ex of one that keeps forming new neurons?

Back 20

hippocampus

Front 21

when are The major neuronal connections formed?

Back 21

after birth.
*Particularly, the dendritic complexity including forming spines and postsynaptic connection continue

Front 22

the language cortex increases in complexity during which stage?

Back 22

birth to 6 year old

Front 23

when learning 2nd language after 18, a lot harder b/c?

Back 23

neurons already in place for 1st language... conn b/w broca's area and vocal cords not as strong for 2nd language- is that what he said?

Front 24

short term memory starts 1st where?

Back 24

hippocampus

Front 25

the alpha Ach R is a func unit that binds what?

Back 25

2 Ach

Front 26

alpha Ach R tends to sit where on nerve terminals?

Back 26

right below nerve terminals on muscle

Front 27

in development of receptor, what happens to gamma Ach R?

Back 27

over time, gamma disappears and alpha stays

Front 28

Neuronal receptor formation is also refined throughout what stage?

Back 28

development.

Front 29

how does cocaine affect AMPA and NMDA?

Back 29

Cocaine triggers AMPA receptor redistribution, thus increase NMDA receptor function

Front 30

during what time period do The majority of neuronal connections do not change ?

Back 30

during normal adulthood

Front 31

the dynamic turnover of synaptic contacts and micro-redistribution of receptors and uptake sites may occur during what time frame?

Back 31

in everyday life!

Front 32

the dynamic turnover of synaptic contacts and micro-redistribution of receptors and uptake sites along with subcellular protein turnover and phosphorylation, may account for WHAT?

Back 32

memory, learning, emotional changes, and many psychological and neurological states.

Front 33

what's a big difference that can be seen in neurons of young person and old person?

Back 33

fewer spines in dendrites of old ppl

Front 34

if the Core Blood flow of neuron is <5mi/100g/min, what's the result?

Back 34

tissue death in minutes.

Front 35

what can help salvage the penumbral tissue.?

Back 35

Clot lysis or providing NTF

Front 36

when the Blood flow 5-10 mi/100g/min in the penumbra, what can you expect?

Back 36

Tissue “stunned” but salvageable
*cell death, degeneration, slow blood flow, salvageable

Front 37

what are the layers to the injury zone?

Back 37

1. Core
2. Penumbra
3. uninjured

Front 38

Brain injury causes __________________ depending on the nature and severity of the insult.

Back 38

immediate, mid, and long-range plasticity

Front 39

what happens at the center of nerve injury w/i the 1st 24 hours?

Back 39

neuronal and glial death, invasion of microglia, and proliferation of glial cells
*Throughout the time, stem cells may be trigger to enter to the injury site (such as spinal cord injury).

Front 40

what's a major event a few days after neuronal injury?

Back 40

astrocyte activation

Front 41

what does these things?
increase transporters to remove toxic molecule, secret extracellular matrix such as laminin attempting to “glue” the broken parts, produce neurotrophic factors to facilitate the growth of health neurons.

Back 41

astrocyte

Front 42

what does astrocyte do a few days after neuronal injury?

Back 42

increase transporters to remove toxic molecule, secret extracellular matrix such as laminin attempting to “glue” the broken parts, produce neurotrophic factors to facilitate the growth of health neurons.

Front 43

what effect can break down products of glial cells have?

Back 43

release inhibitory protein (such as Nogo by oligodendrocyte) prevent neurite outgrowth

Front 44

what happens on day 0 and day 7 of injury that are in common?

Back 44

glutamate is released!

also released: toxic peptides @ day 7

Front 45

what is :regrowth of the damaged nerve fibers. Require cytoskeleton e.g. microtubule for rebuild.?

Back 45

regeneration

Front 46

what is regrowth of the intact nerve fibers.?

Back 46

sprouting

Front 47

what is regrowth of the intact nerve fibers which carry the same transmitter as the damaged one?

Back 47

homotypic sprouting

Front 48

what is regrowth of the intact nerve fibers which carry a different transmitter from the damaged one?

Back 48

heterotypic sprouting

Front 49

what is synapses formation in response to the damage of adjacent nerve terminals. This event accounts for the most occurring process in the daily wear & tear.?

Back 49

reactive synaptogenesis

Front 50

what do glial cells and Dr. Zhou's 1st girlfriend have in common?

Back 50

they're both unpredictable! he could never tell what they're going to do!

Front 51

who am I? Injury cause demyelination; its fragment can release anti-regeneration molecule.
Remyelination is critical for repairing. .e.g. Spinal cord injury.
who am I?

Back 51

OLIVER THE OLIGODENDROCYTE : CNS

Front 52

In addtion to Basal lamina scaffolds,can also produce many Extracellular matrix, neurotrophic factors & Mitogens
who am I?

Back 52

SCHWANN CELLS: PNS

Front 53

if denervated, what's the result?

Back 53

either more receptors
or if have same # of receptors, --> hypersensitivity
ex: Long-term medication of a transmitter blocking agent can also cause this process : blocking of dopamine in Schizophrenia patient --> tardive dyskinesia

Front 54

what happens when you give L-dopa to parkinsonism dosage response?

Back 54

turns into uncontrolled mvmnt b/c receptor very sensitive

Front 55

how do you reverse cocaine effects?

Back 55

Cocaine triggered AMPA receptor redistribution is reversed in vivo by mGluR-dependent

Front 56

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1s) by intraperitoneal injection of a positive modulator depotentiated synapses and abolished rectification in slices of cocaine-treated mice, revealing a mechanism to reverse cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity in vivo.

Back 56

reverse cocaine effects!

Front 57

how can receptors be redistributed after injury?

Back 57

gamma Ach R reappear

Front 58

what are exs of neuronal functional reorganization?

Back 58

Blind person with acute hearing
Phantom limb

Front 59

what is this: In response to peripheral injury, such as amputation, the brain regions that control or response to the peripheral, through training over time, can be reassigned to control or respond to the adjacent area to the injured peripheral. ?

Back 59

Somatosensory Reorganization after injury

Front 60

Trimming of the whisker during early development deprive sensation to the trimmed whisker, but their neurons were reassigned to do what?

Back 60

response to remaining adjacent whisker which become highly sensitive.

Front 61

what might neuronal reengineering look like in future?

Back 61

1. Prevention of Neuronal Death
2. Recruit and replenish stem cells
3. Cellular therapy through Neuronal Transplantation
4. Neurite Promotion and Axonal Guiding

Front 62

what prevents neuronal death?

Back 62

1)antioxidant
2)anti-excitatory agents/ anti-apoptotic agents- Anti- glutamate
3)neurotrophic factors
4)anti-degeneration

Front 63

what antioxidant is used to prevent neuronal death?

Back 63

supraoxide dismutase: SOD

Front 64

what anti-excitatory agents/ anti-apoptotic agents- Anti- glutamate are used to prevent neuronal death?

Back 64

Riluzole partial protection against Glu in synapsis used in stroke, motor neuron disease

Front 65

what neurotrophic factors are used to prevent neuronal death?

Back 65

GDNF
BDNF
CNTF
IGF

Front 66

what neurotrophic factor acts on dopamine neurons?

Back 66

GDNF

Front 67

what neurotrophic factor acts on spinal motor neurons?

Back 67

BDNF
CNTF

Front 68

what anti-degeneration methods are there for prevention of neuronal death?

Back 68

anti-nogo
anti-alpha synuclein
anti-amyloid
increase astrocyte gene expression

Front 69

what antidegeneration method is key for alzheimer's disease?

Back 69

anti-amyloid

Front 70

what antidegeneration method is good for spinal cord injury?

Back 70

anti-nogo
*spinal cord injuries are a "no go"!

Front 71

what anti degeneration method is there for prevention of neuronal death in PD?

Back 71

anti alpha synuclein

Front 72

how do you engineer non-neuronal cells?

Back 72

making iPS (induced progenitor cells)
by converting skin cells into stem cells through introducing stem cell genes, Oct4 and Sox

Front 73

what part of brain grows in number comparing couch potato rats w/ running rats?

Back 73

hippocampus

Front 74

what are the key points involved in neurite production and axonal guiding?

Back 74

anti-inhibitor factor
increase remyelination
neurotrophic factor
neuronal bridging

Front 75

what anti-inhibitor injury is involved in neurite production and axonal guiding?

Back 75

anti-nogo for spinal cord injury

Front 76

what neurotrophic factors are involved in Neurite Promotion and Axonal Guiding?

Back 76

BDNF
NGF
CNTF

Front 77

if damage substantia nigra, how can it be fixed?

Back 77

transplant dopamine neuron into nigra