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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the memory loop
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sensory info processed at the cortex adn then transferred to association area of temporal lobe:
enterohinal, perihinal, subiculum the info is then processed and held (consolidated) at the limbic areas (hipocampus/amygdala) the info is then transferred back to 1 and association cortex: prefrontal, temporal, diffuse cortical areas |
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how do you test immediate memory?
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the digit span
read some numbers and then look away and remember them. |
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how do you test short term meory loss
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what idd you eat today
how'd you get here today what did you wear yesterday 20 min-3 days **interefrence is common, labile memories get distracted |
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in what type of memory loss is there lots of interference
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short term memory
*labile memories in the recent memories of what did you eat today, what did you wear yesterday, how did yo get here? |
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if something is important and we want a memory what happens
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we use NE/Ach in cleft to tag it as important
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whats confabulation
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making things up!!!
**dont think they are lying, they just want to please you with an answer **common in short term memory loss or korsikoff pts |
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how do you test LONG term memory
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ask abt events important to the pt!
**usually endure lots: stroke, trauma ect **the formatio of NEW memories is hard |
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if you start loosing long term meory what might have happened
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cortical impairemnt is getting bigger
new infarct |
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in learnign and memory impaird pts what type of memort are lost? what kind of info? what part of brain
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explicit memory about events/facts
**hippocampus, amygdala |
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tell me a little about the amnesic case of HM
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removed ant temporal lobe structures BL and he got a perfect anterograde amnesia, inability to learn new things
**memory before surgery intact, IQ no change, sensory and motor fx in tact |
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when thye removed HM's antieorr tempporal lobe what did they do to his ability to remeber new things
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removed it!
Memory Loop: 1. sensory info to cortex 2. transferred to association areas of temporal lobe (enterohinal, perihinal, subliculum) 3. then the info is concolidated (processed and held) at the hippocampus and amygdala 4. the info is then sent back to primary cortex and association cortex in the prefrontal, temporal and other diffuse areas) |
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if i have the ability to remember things what does it mean went on in my brain?
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1. i had sensory info enter by brain in the normal cortical areas
2. the info is then sent quickly to an association area os the temporal lobe (enterohinal, perihinal, subliculum) 3. then they are spun in the limbic system (hippocampus/amygdala) and consolidated here 4. then they are transferred back to the original sensory areas and you can recall all of the sensory of a memory as one interwwinded memory |
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int eh memory loop where is the 1 sensory info passed to?
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the association cortex of temporal lobe (enterohinal, perihinal, sublenticulum)
**then its passed to limbic system (hippocampus/amygdala) where it is spun and condolidated **after this its sent back tot eh original cortex areas and you can now remeber |
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what changes happen in the brain when you learn immediate, short term, long term memories
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1 Immediate: activate distributed neural circuits
2. Short: synaptic efficiency, protein conformation, stimulate the limbic circuits 3. Long: new dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, RNA/protein chanves in the cortex |
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in general what does the L and R hippocampus do
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R: cognitive spatial maps, place cells
L: words lists, language |
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if your L hippocampus is working what types of info is there
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words, lists, language
**R is cognitive spatial maps, place cells |
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if ny cortex is lit up what kind of memory am i having
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Immediate
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if im changing protein conformation and stim limbic circuits what kind of memory
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short term
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if i am making new dendritic spines, having axonal sprouting and RNA/protein changes in the cortex what kind of memory am i having
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long term
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what hippocampus is working?
"i am facing N, the freeway is to my L and hte car is behind me" |
R hippocampus
**the L is associated with language. words, lists, language |
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what is the thing that they think is the synaptic reason we learn
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long term potentiation
**we have post synaptic R (NMDA) that make a synapse more responsive. |
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what is long term potention
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mechanism for learning
**due to strengthened synapse after bombardment with incoming info |
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is LTP going on all the time'/
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yep
continuous loop of hippocampus, amygdala, cortex |
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can you still learn if LTP is blocked
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nope
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whats the mech of LTP
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1. sensory to hippocampus
2. presynaptic cell releases glut 3. Post synaptic cells with special glut R (NMDA) opens and lets of flood of Ca post synaptically 4. Ca leads to 2 messengers: increase post synaptic R, more presynaptic glut release, increase SA of Pre/Post 5. All strengthen the synapse nad underlie working memory |
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waht is NDMA Receptor? what happens as a resulf of its activation
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in the post synaptic membrane in the hippocampus
**when this is bound to glutamate LOADS of Ca enter the cell and increase R, glut, and SA to make the synapse stronger! |
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fear and rage memories are associated with what structuer
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amygdala
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what memories are assoiated with fear and rage
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amygdala
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so LTP is what get the memories spinning in the hippocampus, what then brings the memoroes back to the cortex
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REM sleep
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REM sleep is important in what part of memory formation
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bringing hippocampal memories back to teh cortex
**info processed really fast |
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so the amydgala processes memories simliar to what? whats the difference?
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simlir to the hippocampus with LTP: NADM receptors influc of Ca--> increased glut, increased R, increased SA
**the only differnece is amydgala is fear memories and hippocampus is all other memories |
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what can the amydgagla do when it processes its fear memories
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activate SNS for fear response
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does the amydgala or hippocampus have benzodiazepene R
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amygdala
**valume shuts off this fear response associated with teh amygdala |
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when is hte first memory
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3 or 4 when hippocampus forms
**the amygdala develops a bit earlier so can have earlier negative memories |
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what happens with a temporal lobe leision? whats the syndrome
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kluver Bucy syndrome
**sexual! **hyperattentive **placid (cant be excited) **cant recognize things visually (agnosia) so are hyper oral |
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what is Kluver Bucy syndrome, what does it look like, where is the leision
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hyper sexual, placid, hyperattentive, cant recognize things visually so you try orally
**temporal lobe leision |
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what neuromodulator is associated with...
1. attention 2. arousal 3. inhibitory transmission |
Ach
NE GABA |
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GABA is associated with what? what about NE and Ach
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Ach: attention
NE: arousal GABA: inhibitory transmission |
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whate are cholinergic agonists
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acetylocholineesterase inhibitors, keeps mroe Ach around
Ex: physostigimine Tacrine Aricept Exelon |
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what NT is initially affected in AD
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Ach
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what part of the forebrain is cholinergic, what does this do
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basal forebrain, attention
septum: into hippocampus directly, memory |
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what cells are initially killed in AD?
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cholinergic cells that go to the basal foerbrain and septum (to hippocampus)
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can we increase NE system to increase memory?
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nope
NE is for arousal, ie caffeine, amphetamines, NE, epinepherine |
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where is NE made, what does it do
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locus coeruleus
**arousal, wont increase memory |
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what is an amnestic agent
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GABA agonists (sedative/hypnotics: benso, barbituates, EtOH, versed)
Cholinergic Antoginist B blockers **these last 2 are not so much |
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what do GABA agonists do to learning/memory
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inhibit it! amnestic effects
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other that GABA agonists what are the more mild forms of amnestic agents
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cholinergic antagonists
B blockers |
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what is goind on it AD (alzheimers disease)
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thrple whammy
loss of: 1. hippocampus 2. The chilinergic inputs into teh hippocampus via septum 3. The sensory inputs **all are lost so its a fx isolation of the hippocampus |
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in what disease do we see a fx isolation of the hippocampus
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AD
loose fx of 1. hippocampus itself 2. cholinergic input from septum into the hippocampus 3. the sensory input to the hippocampus |
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what is the way we are tx AD currently?
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1. cholinesterase inhibitors
2. Prevention: LEARN, use it or loose it |
