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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you assess handedness and dominance? |
- Inventories
- Hand used for writing - Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (IAT) = Wada Test - Functional Neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI) |
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What percent of the population is right-handed?
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90% R-handed
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How does the location (L vs. R) of language dominance differ depending on being L or R handed (early brain damage vs. none)?
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No Early Brain Damage:
- 96% of R handers have speech localization on L side (most typical) - Only 70% of L handers have speech localization on L side Early Brain Damage: - Only 81% of R handers have speech localization on L side - Only 28% of L handers have speech localization on L side |
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How does early brain damage affect the location of the speech dominance in the brain (R vs L hand)?
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- For both (R and L handers), it decreases the percentage of those w/ speech representation in L lobe
- 96% --> 81% of R handers have speech localization on L side (most typical) - 70% --> 28% of L handers have speech localization on L side |
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What side of the brain are semantic decisions made on?
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L brain --> Yellow
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What side of the brain are tone decisions made on?
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R brain --> Blue
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In right handed subjects what is the language lateralization for normal vs epileptics?
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- Normal: more L hemisphere dominant (agrees with previously data)
- Epilepsy: more bilateral dominant than normal (although still emphasis on L dominant) |
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How does epilepsy affect language lateralization?
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More bilateral than usual (although still mostly L dominant)
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How does left-handedness affect language lateralization?
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- More bilateral and right dominance than right handers
- Still more left dominant (except for those w/ early brain damage) |
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How are the language representations for people who are left-handed but have no family history of left-handedness?
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More typical language representations
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How are the language representations for people who are left-handed and have a family history of left-handedness?
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More strongly predictive of atypical dominance than just personal left handedness
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What happens to language processing with age?
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- Increased lateralization up until puberty
- Decreased lateralization with age thereafter |
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How does the age of injury to the left hemisphere determine the language development?
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- < 1yo - development of language spared, but often there is generalized cognitive deficit
- 1-5 yo - language spared, possible visual-spatial deficit (crowding) - > 5yo - language no longer spared, circumscribed language deficits emerge * <5 yo, language predominates and crowds out other functions * |
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At what age do injuries to the left hemisphere spare language development, but some generalized cognitive deficit?
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< 1 yo
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At what age do injuries to the left hemisphere spare language development, but have some visual-spatial deficits (crowding)?
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1-5 yo
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At what age do injuries to the left hemisphere affect language development w/ circumscribed language deficits emerging?
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> 5 yo
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How does gender affect language development?
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Males may be more lateralized than females (but more alike than different)
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Injury to the black area causes what changes in language development?
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No shift in language
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Injury to the black area causes what changes in language development?
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No shift in language
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Injury to the black area causes what changes in language development?
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Shift of anterior speech functions
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Injury to the black area causes what changes in language development?
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Shift of posterior speech functions
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Injury to the black area causes what changes in language development?
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Complete shift of language
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How do the two hemispheres or the cerebrum relate to each other?
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- Not mirror images in morphology or function
- Organized differently in terms of how they perform secondary and tertiary level functions - Lateralization if relative and complementary, increases with age before puberty and decreases with age after |
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What are the types of speech disorders?
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- Mutism
- Aphonia - Aphemia - Dysarthria |
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What is mutism? Cause?
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- Absence of speech: organic or elective
- Lesion to supplementary motor area |
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What is aphonia?
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Loss of capacity to produce vocal sound
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What is aphemia? Cause?
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- AKA Anarthria, loss of capacity to verbalize
- Lesion near Broca's Area |
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What is dysarthria? Cause?
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- Impaired capacity to articulate speech sounds to to impaired neuromuscular control
- Alcohol |
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What are the types of language disorders?
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Aphasias - acquired disturbances of linguistic functions due to injury of the CNS
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How can you assess the type of language disorder / aphasia?
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- Fluency (spontaneous speech)
- Auditory comprehension - Repetition Speech |
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What are you assessing when you listen for "fluency"?
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- Phrase length (words per utterance: 1-2 short, >6-7 normal)
- Effortfulness - Prosody (melodic aspects of speech) - Grammatical form |
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What are the types of syndromes associated with language?
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- Global
- Isolation of speech - Broca's - Transcortical Motor - Wernicke's - Transcortical Sensory - Conduction - Nominal (Anomic, Amnesic) |
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Global Language Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: No |
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Isolation of Speech Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes |
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Broca's Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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Transcortical Motor Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: Yes |
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Wernicke's Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: Yes, P (paraphasias present in speech)
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: No |
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Transcortical Sensory Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: Yes, P (paraphasias present in speech)
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes |
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Conduction Syndrome:
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: Yes, P (paraphasias present in speech)
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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Nominal (Anomic, Amnesic):
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
- Fluency: Yes
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: Yes |
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- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: No What language syndrome? |
Global Language Syndrome
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- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes What language syndrome? |
Isolation of Speech Syndrome
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- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No What language syndrome? |
Broca's Syndrome
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- Fluency: No
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: Yes What language syndrome? |
Transcortical Motor Syndrome
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- Fluency: Yes
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: No What language syndrome? |
Wernicke's Syndrome
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- Fluency: Yes
- Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes What language syndrome? |
Transcortical Sensory Syndrome
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- Fluency: Yes
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No What language syndrome? |
Conduction Syndrome
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- Fluency: Yes
- Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: Yes What language syndrome? |
Nominal (Anomic, Amnesic)
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Broca's:
- Fluency: No - Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Transcortical Motor:
- Fluency: No - Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: Yes |
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Global:
- Fluency: No - Comprehension: No - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Wernicke's:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: No - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Transcortical Sensory:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes |
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What language syndrome?
- Fluency - Comprehension - Repetition |
Conduction Syndrome:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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Orange Area/Function?
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Orange - Language "retrieval" area
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Blue Area/Function?
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Blue - Speech Sound Articulation
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Green Area/Function?
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Green - Speech Sound Recognition
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Red Area/Function?
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Red - Speech Sound "Storage"
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Yellow Area/Function?
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Yellow - Semantics (Word Meanings)
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Purple Area/Function?
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Purple - Object Recognition
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What language syndrome would occur if the black outlined area was lesioned?
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Broca's Aphasia:
- Fluency: No - Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome would occur if the black outlined area was lesioned?
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Wernicke's Aphasia:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: No - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome would occur if the black outlined area was lesioned?
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Conduction Aphasia:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: Yes - Repetition: No |
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What language syndrome would occur if the black outlined area was lesioned?
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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia:
- Fluency: Yes - Comprehension: No - Repetition: Yes |
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How deep are the lesions that cause the language disturbances?
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- Deeper than surface lesion
- Need to damage basal ganglia and internal capsule |
