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143 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Embryologically, what is the audiotory system derived from?
Surface Ectodermal Otic Vesicle, which gives rise to the Otic Placode
Where are the bipolar cell bodies for hearing located?
The cochlear, or spiral, ganglion in the inner ear
Where does the spiral ganglion project from and to?
Peripherally to the organ of corti, and centrally tto the Dorsal and ventral Cochlear nucleus
What kind of fibers do the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei receive?
Ipsilateral fibers from the spiral ganglion (2nd order)
Where do the fibers of hearing travel from the cochlear nuclei?
Through the trapezoid body, decussate, and go to contralateral Supeior olivary nucleus
Where do the ventral hearing fibers go from the Sup. Olivary Nucleus?
Up the lateral leminiscus to synpase at the Inferior colliculus, where they cross again and modify the ipsilateral inf colliculus
Where do the dorsal hearing fibers go from the Sup Olivary Nucleus?
Up the lateral leminiscus to the inf colliculus, synapse, go to Medial geniculate body - synpase, and then up to the temporal hearing cortex
In the hearing system, are the bipolar neurons the receptors or do they synpase with receptors?
They synapse with either Inner or Outer Hair cells
What are the primary receptors that send info to the bipolar neurons in the ear?
Inner Hair cells- depolarize by letting endolymph enter them. There are more OUTer than Inner, but inner send more?
Where does the sound waves enter the cochlea?
Oval window transmits to scala vestibuli, curves helicotrema, and comes back on scala tympani
What is the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?
Perilymph filled outside regions of the cochlea (fill the bony labrinth
Whats the composition of scala vestibuli, tympani, and media?
Scala vestibuli and tympani are perilymph(Na-extracellular) while media is Endolymph(K- intracellular)
What is endolymph made by?
The stria Vascularis, which is the side awy from the nerve side
What does the basilar membrane look like?
A scuba flipper, narrow stiff base, and a wide flexible apex(to accommodate low frequency)
What does a negative Rhine Test indicate?
That bone conduction is better than air--- that’s a problem (conduction)
How does sound conduct to the nerve?
Tympanic membrane goes to ossicles which hit the oval window, vibrate the perilymph, which circles around to move the basilar membrane, which while moving against tectorrial membrane, bends the hair cells, which release NT
What is filled with endolymph in the inner ear?
The semicircular canals, the vestibule (utricle and saccule), and the cochlear duct
What is the basilar membrane in the cochela?
Attaches hair cells, and is located above scale tympani. Moves along tectorial membrane to bend hair cells
What does the vestibule's utricle and saccule do?
Detect Linear acceleration (horizontal and vertical) U-HSV
What do each of the semicircular canals have at the base?
Ampulla
What do the semicicular ampulla detect?
Angular accelearation
How does hearing loss in the elderly normally proceded?
The bases loses its ability to detect higher frequency sounds
Where is the narrow thick base of the basilar membrane?
Outside (by the Oval Window)
Where is the wide flexible apex of the basilar membrane?
Inside near heloctrema
What injury causes unilateral deafness, central or cochlear?
Cochlear, Central pathways are bilateral
What are the only neurons in the CNS known to regenerate?
Olfactory neurons
What losses does an injury to the cribiform plate cause?
Loss of smell, but not of ammonia-pain
How do smells cause depolarization of the olfactor axons?
Gprotein increases Camp, which opens Na channesl
Whats the function of the vestibular system?
Coordinate balance, coordinate head and eye movements - give posture
What kind of receptors mediate the vestibular system?
Hair cells
What are the receptors embedeed in in the ampulla of the canal?
Cupula- a gelatinous structure
When you turn your head to the left, how does that info get converted?
Turn head to left, causes the the cupula to move to the left, but the endolymph is slower, so the hair cells drag against the endolymph. The sterocilla come closer to the kinocillia and the cell depolarizes
What do the hair cells of the vestibular system have on them?
Sterocillia (little guys), and Kinocilium (big girl). They get excited when they move toward the big girl, and get turned off when they leave her
What is the vestibular ocular reflex?
Initial rotation of the head causes eys to go opposite to maintain. They then snap as their limit is reached(the snap towards the head movement= nystagmus)
What does the utricle used for?
It is horizontally located so it mediates up down motion of the head
What does the saccule do?
Mediates ear to shoulder type movement. IT is verticle
Trace the vestibular pathway
Hair cell to Bipolar neuron in vestibular ganglion to vestibular nucleus (or floculonodular lobe), to MLF or Vestibulospinal or Thalamus (ventral posterioinferior or posterolateral nuclei) to postcentral gyrus
What is the affect of putting cold water in a concious person's ear?
Nystagmus opposite (COWS) deviation towards
What is the affect of putting warm water in a concious person's ear?
Nystagmus towards (COWS) deviation away
What is the affect of putting cold water in an unconsciou normal ear?
Deviation of both eyes toward ear
What is the affect of putting cold water in a unconcious MLF-loss ear?
Deviation of only ipsilateral eye on affected side (other eye is midline cuz no communication of MLF)
What is the affect of putting cold water in a unconcious Vestibular Nuclei damaged ear?
No deviation of eye
IN what bone is the inner ear located?
Temporal bone
Where in the ear are the maculae found?
Utricle and Sacule
What does a NEGATIVE RHINE test indicate?
Bone is better than air (negative Rhine test is bad)
What is hypertropia?
Farsighted (cant see near-, light focused behind retina) use a convex lens
What is myopia?
Nearsighted (cant see far), focused in front of retina- is a biconcave lens
What is astigmatism and whats the treatment
Abnromal curvature of lens- use a cylindrical lens
What is Presbyopia?
Near point moves further away do to loss of accomdation of lens- correct with convex lens
Whats the function of pigment cells of retina?
Absorb stray light to prevent scatter
What area of retina are rods and cones not present?
On the optic disk= blind spot
What do the visual receptors synapse on?
Bipolar cells= which synapse on ganglion
Whats the ratio of cones to bipolar cells to gangliaon cells?
Very few cones to one Bipolar to one Ganglion
Whats the ratio of rods to bipolar cells to ganglion cells?
Many rods to one bipolar to one ganglion
What kind of sensitivity and acuity do rods have?
More sensitivity, less acuity
What kind of sensitivity and acuity do cones have?
Less sensitivity (lower ratio of receptors), and more acuity
What forms the optic nerve?
Axons of ganglion cells
Whats the function of horizontal and amacrine cells?
Form local circuits with bipolar cells
What is the macula of the eye?
High acuity area where there is a 1:1 ratio of receptors to bipolar cells (cones really(
What are the three nuclear layers of the retina?
Outer, Inner, and Ganglion (receptors, bipolars, and ganglions)
What are the three fiber layeres of the retina?
Outer plexiform, inner plexiform, and optic nerve nayer
What layer is deepest in the retina (closest to sclera?)
Pigment layer
What is the photosensitive element in rods?
Rhodopsin
What is Rhodopsin made of ?
Opsin and Vitman A retinal
Light on the retina does what inside the receptor?
Converts 11 Cis retinal to all trans retinal, an intermediate called metarhopsin 2 is made
What does metarhodopsin 2 in the eye do?
Activates Transducin which activates phosphodiesterase which kills cGMP
What happens to the cell (depolarization or hyperpolarization) when light hits?
Na channels close as a result of droppin GMP, so hyperpolarization
How can some receptor cells cause excitation of bipolar cells (since they are hyperpolarized)?
Maybe they were releaseing inhibitory NT, duh
What is the center of a receptive field?
The center is a ganglion cell's connected receptors directly to its bipolar cells
What is the surround of a receptive field?
The surround is all the receptor cells connected to a ganglion via horizontal cells
What does on-center off surround mean?
Light striking center will excite a ganglion, while light striking the surround will inhibit it- --- just a pattern
Is the on-center, off-surround and vice versa patterns limited to just the retina?
No, this pattern is maintained in the Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus.
What can one eye blindness be caused by?
Cutting optic nerve
Whats a junctional scotoma?
Somehow, you lose one eye and the upper temporal quadrant
How can you get bitemporal hemianopsia?
Pituitary tumor
How can you get binasal hemianopsia?
Calcified carotid arteries
What does cutting of the optic tract lead to?
Contralateral nasal hemianopia, and ipsilateral temporal hemianopia
Whats an easy way of remembering what part of visual fields go to which side of brain?
Right brain accepts left side of both visual fields, Left brain accepts right sides of both visual fields
How does info from the lateral geniculate nucleus leave?
Via the geniculocalcirine tract
What is the lower division of the geniculocalcrine tract?
Meyers loops and visual radiation to lingual gyrus (lower bank of calcrine sulcus)
What does Cutting meyer's loop cause?
Pie in the sky lesion. On the side of lesion, nasal upper quadrant is gone, and on contralateral side temporal upper quadrant is gone
What does cutting both of the lingual gyri do?
Superior altiduinal hemianopia with macular sparing
What is the upper division of the geniculocalcrine tract?
visual radiation to cuneus (upper bank of calcrine sulcus)
What does cutting the upper division cause of geniculocalcrine tract?
Loss of inferior quadrants
What does cutting both of the cuneus do?
Loss of inferior altidunal heminaopia with macular sparing
What does cutting both the cuneus and lingual gyrus on one side do?
Loss of right visual fields in both eyes
Where is the visual cortex located?
in the occipital lobe on the upper and lower banks of the calcrine sulcus
Whats the pathway for pupilary light reflex startin at retina?
Afferents to pretectal nuclei, pretectal nuclei through post commisure to other pretectal nuclei, Pretectal nuclei out to edinger westphal of 3, out to cilliarly ganglion, and parasymps to sphinctor pupillae
Whats the pathway for sympathetics to the eye startin at the hypothalamus?
Down to the cilispinal center via interomedial cell column, from the cilospinal through the sympathetic trunk to superior cervical ganglion, from the superior cervical ganglion to cilliary ganglion after passing throug cavernous sinus, lastly out through the superior orbital fissure on the nasocilliary nerves and the short cilliary nerves
How does the visual pathway control the cilliary body and pupillary constriction for near range focus?
The visual cortex sends info to the visual association cortex which then descends through the corticotectal trat to the sup colliculus and pretectal nucleus. These two then tel the oculomotor complex through the rostral accessory (pupil constriction) and the caudal accessory (ciliary muscle)
What is the function of the rostral accessory nucleus of the Edinger westphal?
Pupillary constriction
Whats the funciton of the caudual accessory nucleus of the edinger westphal complex
Cilliary body constrction
What does the frontal eye fields do?
Mediates voluntary saccades
What does the destruction of frontal eye fields do?
Deviation of eyes to the ipsilateral side
What does destruction of the paramedian pontine reticular formation do?
Deviation of eyes to the contralateral side
Whats the Marcus Gunn pupil?
No afferent in one eye. Consensual in other eye preserved Diagnose using swinging flashlight test
What often causes Marcus Gunn Pupil?
MS - retrobulbar neuritis
What kind of visual problems does a transtentorial hernation cuase?
Down and out eye, and if pca is affected u can get a hemianopia with macular sparing
What are the main causes of transtentorial herniation?
Brain tumor or hematoma
What is a papilledema?
congestion of optic diskl that yiels blind spots that are assymetrical
Where does Aquous humor get absorbed?
Trabecular meshwork to canal of schelmm
What produces Aqueous humor
Cilliary Process
What is the the autnomic innervations receptor for dilator pupillae?
a1 receptors sympathetic
What is the autnomic innervation's receptor to the cilliary muscle?
M3 muscurinic
What is glaucoma?
impaired drainage of aquoue humor
What does glaucoma look like on fundoscope exam?
Optic disk atrophy with cupping
What type of glaucoma cant exit through meshwork?
open angle
What type of glaucoma cant exit to anterior chamber?
Closed angle
What type of glaucoma is painful?
Closed angle
What type of glaucoma is an emergency?
Closed angle
In what type of glaucoma can u not give epinephrine
Closed angle
What type of glaucoma is an African american person with myopia likely to have?
Open angle
What other eye condition is open angle glaucoma related to
Myopia
What is painless, bilateral opacification of the lens called?
Cataract
What disease that decreases vision can result from age, smoking, ETOH, sunlight, diabetes, etc?
Cataract- opacification of lens
What are some risk factors for cataract?
Smoking, age, alcohol, sunlight, infx, diabetes, trauma, classic galactosemia or galactokinase deficiency
How does papilledema look like on fundoscopy?
Elevated optic disk with blurred margins, bigger blind spot= from increased intracrnail pressrue
What artery suppies the eye?
opthalamic artery and vein (from the internal carotid
What is strabismus?
Misalignment of eyes caused by various lesions
What is ambylopia?
When one eye starts to suck because it is not used.
What causes ambylopia?
Strabismus, big difference in degrees of myopia or hyperopia, congenital cataracts (critcial period is from 0-2 yrs)
What is the critical period for ambylopia?
From birth to Two years -
How do sympathetics get to the dilator pupillae from cilliary ganglion?
Long cilliary nerve
What cranial nerve carries info from retina to pretectal nuclei?
Cranial nerve 2 for pupillary light response
What exactly is retinal detachment?
Disattachment of the neurosensory retina from the pigment epithelium underneath
How does retinal detachment lead to blindness?
Photoreceptors degenerate when they are separated from pigment layer
What are two causes of retinal detachment?
Trauma, Diabetes (CMV retinitis is huge)
What is scotoma?
Loss of vision in a small part of field- central scotoma occurs with Age related macular degeneration
What are the two types of macular degenration?
Dry and Wet
Which Age Related Macular Degenration disorder is caused by neovascularization?
Wet
Which Age Related Macular Degenration disorder is caused by fat deposits?
Dry
Which Age Related Macular Degenration disorder is slow?
Dry
Which Age Related Macular Degeneration disroder is fast?
Wet
Where do the fibers of the MLF dessucate??
They are from the contralateral abducens nucleus. They had decussated before entering
What is hemiparesis?
Weakness on one side of the body, unlike hemiparaylsis - paralysis on one side of body