Neuro 3000 Exam #3 Set 2

Front 1

skin

Back 1

largest sensory organ

protects, prevents evaporation

Front 2

mechanoreceptors in the skin

Back 2

each has unmyelinated axon branches with mechanoselective ion channels

Front 3

pacinian corpuscles

Back 3

detect deep pressure and fast vibrations

most sensitive at 200-300 Hz vibrations

Front 4

Ruffini's endings

Back 4

detects sustained pressure

Front 5

meissner's corpuscles

Back 5

detects changes in texture

slow vibrations (50 Hz)

Front 6

merkel's discs

Back 6

nerve terminal

flattened epithelial disc

detects sustained touch and pressure

Front 7

krause end bulbs

Back 7

nerve terminal like balls of string

thermoreceptors that sense cold temperatures

Front 8

small

Back 8

meissner's corpuscles and merkels disc have ____ receptive fields

Front 9

fast

Back 9

meissner's and pacinian corpuscles are ___ adapting

Front 10

slowly

Back 10

merkels discs and ruffinis endings are _____ adapting

Front 11

large

Back 11

pacinian corpuscles and ruffinis endings have ______ receptive fields

Front 12

hair follicles

Back 12

innervated by free nerve endings, bending of hair causes changes in action potential firing rate

Front 13

vibrissae

Back 13

facial whiskers on rats

Front 14

depolarization

Back 14

when mechanoreceptive channels become deformed, causes __________ of receptor potential

Front 15

pacinian corpuscles

Back 15

formed from 20-70 layers of connective tissue (viscous liquid in between) with nerve terminal in the middle

Front 16

decrease

Back 16

prolonged stimulation of mechanoreceptors causes a ______ in receptor potential, release reverses this

Front 17

fingertips

Back 17

area of the body that is most sensitive to touch

-more mechanoreceptors

-small receptive fields

-more brain power

-high resolution mechanisms

Front 18

path of sensory receptor through the spinal cord

Back 18

sensory receptor -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root ganglion cell -> dorsal root -> grey matter in spinal cord

Front 19

primary afferent axons

Back 19

bring info to brian stem or spinal cord

-enter at dorsal roots

-varying diameter and size which are correlated with type of receptor

-c fibers are slowest

Front 20

myelin

Back 20

fatter primary afferent axons with lots of ______ are faster

fastest to slowest: (A alpha, A beta, A gamma, C)

Front 21

spinal cord

Back 21

has 30 pairs of dorsal and ventral roots

Front 22

spinal nerves

Back 22

pass through notches in vertebral column

Front 23

cervical, throacic, lumbar, sacral

Back 23

4 groups of spinal segments

Front 24

dermatomes

Back 24

area of skin innervated by both dorsal roots (left and right side) of single spinal segment

-one to one relationship between spinal segments and __________ (map of where to go)

-bands on the body surface

-adjacent dorsal roots innervate overlapping areas

Front 25

shingles herpes zoster infection

Back 25

infection of the dorsal root ganglion

Front 26

second order sensory neurons

Back 26

primary afferent neurons synapse on _________ within the dorsal horn

Front 27

large A beta

Back 27

_______ synapse on second order sensory neurons and also send axon to brain

Front 28

touch and vibration

Back 28

pathway for _______________ different than pathway for pain and temp

Front 29

dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Back 29

ascending pathway for touch and limb position/proprioception

-A beta sensory axons travel to brain on ipsilateral side through the dorsal column until decussation where sensory info then on contralateral side

Front 30

medulla-spinal cord junction

Back 30

dorsal column axons connect to dorsal column nuclei at the _________

Front 31

medial lemniscus

Back 31

dorsal column axons ascend in ______ ( white matter)

Front 32

medial lemniscus

Back 32

travles through the medulla, pons, midbrain to ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus, then to primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Front 33

dorsal column nuclei and thalamic nuclei

Back 33

places where sensory info isnt just relayed but is also altered

-inhibitory interactions take place

-one type can be lateral inhibition, which promotes contrast enhancement

-cortex influences input also

Front 34

somatosensory cortex

Back 34

located in parietal lobe

-S1 is brodmann's 3B

-1,2,3A also process somatosensory info

-S2 lateral to S1

-Posterior parietal cortex (5,7)

-need more specific touch modality after primary sensory cortex so we use the somatosensory cortex

Front 35

primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Back 35

-has inout from VP (ventral posterior) of thalamus

-highly responsive to somatosensory input, but not other areas

-lesions to this area impair somatic sensation

Front 36

thalamus

Back 36

projects to primary somatosensory cortex (layer IV)

-sends body info to area 3a and primary visual info to area 3b

Front 37

1,2

Back 37

are 3b in primary somatosensory cortex projects to area _____ (texture info)

and area ______ (size and shape info)

Front 38

vertical columns

Back 38

cells with similar characteristics in the PSC are in ___________

Front 39

somatotopy

Back 39

describes the map of body

receptive fields form orderly map

map called homunculus

Front 40

multiple

Back 40

there are ________ map(s) in S1

Front 41

somatotopic map plasticity

Back 41

-changes based on loss or increased use

-ie, violinists have more cortex devoted to fingers of left hand

Front 42

phantom limb

Back 42

can be invoked by stimulating regions whose S1 representations border those of the limb

Front 43

posterior parietal cortex

Back 43

comprise areas 5 and 7

large receptive fields

elaborate stimulus preferences

integrates with visual, attention, movement

-perception and interpretation of spatial relationships, body image, coordinated body movements

-integrated with other systems, esp visual

Front 44

agnosia

Back 44

inability to recognize objects

Front 45

neglect syndromes

Back 45

part of body or world ignored

Front 46

nociceptors

Back 46

pain detection, free, unmyelinated axons

different than mechanoreceptor pathways

Front 47

nociception

Back 47

pain awareness, sensory process, can be controlled by higher centers

Front 48

damaging stimuli to tissues

Back 48

oxygen deprivation, some chemicals, temp extremes, mechanical stress

Front 49

pain transduction

Back 49

mechanically gated ion channels depolarize when stretched or deformed

some channels open in response to proteases, ATP, K+, bradykinin, H+

Front 50

warmth, pain

Back 50

temps 37-43 degC = ________

temps above 43 degC = ______

different neural mechs for both

Front 51

lactic acid

Back 51

______production leads to H+ buildup in extracellular fluid

Front 52

histamine

Back 52

depolarizes nociceptors

Front 53

nociceptors

Back 53

-are free nerve endings of C fibers (unmyelinated) and A beta (lightly myelinated)

-most are polymodal

-mechanical: strong pressure

-thermal: extreme heat or cold

-chemical

-in most tissues, bones, and meninges NOT BRAIN

Front 54

hyperalgesia

Back 54

increased pain intensity, reduced threshold, spontaneous

peripheral and CNS mechanisms

Front 55

more sensitive

Back 55

bradykinin, substance P (made by nociceptors), and prostaglandins can make nociceptors _______

Front 56

first pain

Back 56

the type is fast and sharp due to A gamma fibers

Front 57

second pain

Back 57

this type is dull, longer, C fibers

Front 58

primary afferents

Back 58

these branch out in zone of Lissauer and synapse on substantia gelatinous nerves

-Glutamate in the ntrans

Front 59

substance P

Back 59

produced by nociceptors and responds to moderate to intense pain

Front 60

capsaicin

Back 60

stimulate substance P release

can be analgesic by depleting substance P from nerve endings

Front 61

cross talk

Back 61

this happens between pain and touch pathways in the spinal cord

Front 62

cross talk

Back 62

____ between viscera and skin can produce referred pain

visceral nociceptor axons enter spinal cord same as cutaneous

Front 63

touch

Back 63

-has special structures for input

-fat myelinated fast A beta fibers

-fibers connect deep in dorsal horn of spinal cord

Front 64

pain

Back 64

-has free nerve endings

-slow, lightly myelinated A gamma and unmyelinated C fibers

-fibers run in zoneof Lissauer to substantia gelatinosa

Front 65

spinothalamic pathway

Back 65

-ascending pathway

-pain and temp

-decussate immediately and run ventrally in the spinothalamic tract

-don't synapse until thalamus, dont communicate with medial lemniscus

Front 66

medial lemniscus

Back 66

inout from spinothalamic tract and trigeminal lemniscus spread over larger region of the thalamus than ________

Front 67

VP nucleus

Back 67

touh and pain integrated in the ________ of thalamus

Front 68

intralaminar

Back 68

spinothalamis axons synapse in _______ nuclei of the thalamus

Front 69

somatic sensory nuclei of the thalamus

Back 69

has more projections to large areas of the cortex than mechanosensory pathways

Front 70

hyperalgesia, reduced A beta fiber activity, gate theory of pain

Back 70

types of afferent regulation of pain

Front 71

20%

Back 71

percentage of pop with chronic pain

Front 72

suppress pain

Back 72

type of descending pain regulation pathway in which the periventricular and periaquaductal gray matter (PAG) neurons synapse on Raphe nucleus, and works to ____________

Front 73

depress nociceptive activity

Back 73

type of descending pain regulation pathway in which the raphe neurons (serotonergic) project to dorsal horn and work to _________

Front 74

opioids

Back 74

regulate pain

-from poppy, morphine, codeine, heroine

-power analgesics, also pproduce mood changes, nausea, drowsiness, mental stupor, constipation

-bind to _____ receptors, widely expressed in pain pathways

Front 75

endorphins

Back 75

-type of endogenous opioid

-expressed in pain pathways, PAG etc

-produce analgesia

-naloxone is agonist

-block glu release, hyperpolarize neurons

Front 76

temperature

Back 76

thermoreceptors with specific membrane mechanisms

Front 77

hypothalamus and spinal cord

Back 77

these contain temperature sensitive neurons that help maintain stable body temperature

Front 78

Trp channels

Back 78

channels used in temp perception

are 6 types

Front 79

Trpv1

Back 79

temp receptor for temps above 43C and for capsaicin

Front 80

trpm8

Back 80

temp receptor for menthol or temps below 25degC

Front 81

thermoreceptors

Back 81

-can adapt firing rates after long stimuli

-differences in rates are most pronounced during and right after changes

Front 82

cold receptors

Back 82

these receptors project to A gamma and C fibers

Front 83

warm receptors

Back 83

these receptors project to C fibers only

Front 84

parallel processing of information

Back 84

repeated theme in somatosensory perception

Front 85

perception of objects

Back 85

involves the seamless coordination of somatic sensory information

Front 86

segregated

Back 86

sensory types are _________ within the spinal cord and cortex

Front 87

motor systems

Back 87

systems of muscles and the neurons that control them

coordinated movement of 700 muscles

spinal cord control

Front 88

smooth muscle

Back 88

type of muscle in the GI tract, arteries, controlled by autonomic nervous system

(ie peristalsis and blood flow)

Front 89

cardiac and skeletal

Back 89

two types of striated muscle

Front 90

cardiac muscle

Back 90

muscle that function without innervation, but can be modified by ANS

Front 91

skeletal muscle

Back 91

muscle that is bulk of muscle mass

muscle within a sheath and composed of hundreds of muscle cells (fibers)

part of somatic nervous system

work in opposite directions (synergists and antagonists)

only pull (shorten) never push

Front 92

CNS axon

Back 92

each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by one ______

Front 93

axial muscle

Back 93

moves the trunk

Front 94

proximal muscles

Back 94

move shoulder, elbow, knee, pelvis (locomotion)

Front 95

distal muscles

Back 95

move fingers, feet, hands, (manipulation of objects)

Front 96

lower motor neurons

Back 96

distributed in proportion to skeletal muscle density

Front 97

flexors

Back 97

lower motor neurons controlling __________ lie dorsal to extensors

Front 98

axial

Back 98

motor neurons controlling _______ muscles lie medial to those controlling distal muscles

Front 99

alpha motor neurons

Back 99

lower motor neurons that trigger muscles

have a lot of input places

Front 100

gamma motor neurons

Back 100

lower motor neurons that innervate intrafusal fibers

Front 101

motor unit

Back 101

one alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

vary in size

Front 102

motor neuron pool

Back 102

all alpha motor neurons which innervate a single muscle

Front 103

Ach

Back 103

ntrans for alpha motor neurons

Front 104

CNS

Back 104

______ grades muscle contraction by controlling firing rate of motor units and by recruiting more motor units

Front 105

small, large

Back 105

small motor units have ________ motor neurons, large motor neurons have _____ motor units

Front 106

small

Back 106

_____ neurons can be excited more easily

Front 107

contractio of muscle

Back 107

starts with one fire one _________ until maxed out and a smooth continuous _________ without relaxing (maxed out that particular muscle)

Front 108

dark meat/ red muscle fibers

Back 108

muscle that is slow to contract but slow to fatigue

-present in antigravity muscles (like legs, anything that keeps you upright)

-muscles for running, swimming etc

-many mitochondria, oxidative metabolism

SLOW motor units

Front 109

white meat muscle

Back 109

muscle with fewer mitochondria

-anaerobic metabolism

-rapid

-powerful but quick to fatigue

-present in "escape muscle"

-ie, muscle for bench pressing (something you cannot continue

FAST motor units

Front 110

fast motor neurons

Back 110

motor neurons with larger and faster conducting axons

-30-60 action potentials per second bursts

Front 111

slow motor neurons

Back 111

motor neurons with small diameters, slower conducting axons

-10-20 action potentials per sec, steady activity level

Front 112

alpha motor neurons

Back 112

will only innervate either fast or slow muscle, not both

Front 113

sarcomere

Back 113

shortens when it contracts

dark areas are overlap of actin and myosin

made up of 2 Z lines and the myofibril between them

Front 114

myosin

Back 114

thick filament protein

Front 115

actin

Back 115

thin filament protein

Front 116

calcium

Back 116

required for sarcomere to contract

-______ is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 117

sliding filament theory step

Back 117

1) myosin attaches to actin myofilament

2) working stroke (myosin pulls on actin)

3) Myosin detaches (ATP used)

4) back to normal for another cycle

Front 118

EPSP

Back 118

alpha motor neurons release ACh which produces large ______in muscle fiber

Front 119

T tubules

Back 119

action potential enters_______ causing Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 120

troponin

Back 120

Ca2+ binds to _______ exposing myosin binding site on actin, myosin binds and cycle begins

Front 121

ATP and Ca2+

Back 121

fiber contracts as long as ______ are present

Front 122

muscle spindles

Back 122

stretch receptors

-specialized muscle fibers in a fibrous capsule

-with axons are a proprioceptor (detects position in space)

Front 123

Group 1-A sensory axons

Back 123

these sensory axons innervate muscle spindle (large, fast axons)

-enter spine at dorsal roots

-synapse on interneurons and alpha motor neurons

Front 124

myotatic/stretch

Back 124

the knee jerk is a ________ relfex

Front 125

intrafusal fibers

Back 125

muscle spindle fibers are called ______fibers

innervated by gamma motor nuerons

Front 126

gamma motor neurons

Back 126

-needed to keep the muscle spindle reporting

-stretches spindle back out again at end so it can keep getting info from 1-a neurons

-works with alpha motor neurons to keep system running

Front 127

golgi tendon organs

Back 127

type or proprioceptor that monitors muscle tension, sends info to spine

-exerts negative feedback when get too much tension

-innervated by 1-b sensory neurons

-located in series, records tension

Front 128

reverse myotatic reflex

Back 128

-occurs when alpha motor neurons fire and the uscle contracts too much so that the golgi tendon senses too much tension, the 1-b sensory axons with synapse on inhibitory receptors toe negate the activity

-keeps muscle from being overloaded and tearing muscle from bone

-important for manipulation of fragile objects

Front 129

proprioceptive axons in joint tissues

Back 129

respond to angle, direction, and velocity of movement within a joint

-info combines with muscle spindle, golgi tendon organs, skin receptors

-most are rapidly adapting

Front 130

spinal interneurons

Back 130

-have circuits to coordinate movement

-synaptic inpput to _________ comes from:

-primary sensory axons

-descending axons from the brain

-collaterals of lower motor neurons

-other interneurons

Front 131

reciprocal inhibtion

Back 131

when activating one muscle, the opposing muscle can be inactivated

Front 132

flexor reflex

Back 132

complex relfex arc used to withdraw limb from aversive stimulus

Front 133

crossed extensor reflex

Back 133

type of reflex when you step on a tack and it says to flex the leg that had the tack prick and extend the other side so you don't fall over

-have two opposing signals on opposite sides

Front 134

central pattern generators

Back 134

-produce rhythmic motor activty (like walking and doing something else, not getting much input from higher structures)

-pacemaker neurons important component

-spinal cord and built in patterns and is programmed to do certain types of behavior

Front 135

NMDA

Back 135

rhythmic activity in spinal interneuron via _______ recptors

-glu comes down from spine, firing action potentials as long as there is constant pattern of glu

Front 136

brain

Back 136

influences the spinal cord with voluntary movements

Front 137

strategy-association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia

Back 137

highest level in the hierarchy of controls

Front 138

tactics-motor cortex, cerebellum

Back 138

middle level in hierarchy of control

Front 139

execution- brain stem, spinal cord

Back 139

lowest level in the hierarchy of control

Front 140

sensorimotor system

Back 140

sensory info used by all level of the motor system

Front 141

descending tracts of the spinal cord

Back 141

corticospinal, rubrospinal, medullary reticulospinal, pontine reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal

Front 142

corticospinal and rubrospinal

Back 142

lateral pathways in the descending tracts of the spinal cord (2)

Front 143

medullary/pontine reticulospinal, vestibulo spinal, tectospinal

Back 143

vetromedial pathways in the descending tracts of the spinal cord (4)

Front 144

lateral pathways

Back 144

descending tracts of the spinal cord involved in voluntary control of distal musculature, under direct cortical control

Front 145

ventromedial pathway

Back 145

descending tracts of the spinal cord involved in control of posture and locomotion, under brain stem control

(not as long as corticospinal tract)

Front 146

corticospinal tract

Back 146

lateral pathway that is most from the motor cortex, others from somatosensory areas

-crosses over at the pyrammidal decussation (junction of medulla and spinal cord)

-terminate in dorsolateral region of ventral horns and intermediate gray matter

Front 147

rubrospinal tract

Back 147

-lateral pathway that starts in the midbrain at the red nucleus

-crosses over in the pons

-input to red nucleus from same motor areas as for other lateral pathway

-role of this tract is REDUCED in humans

Front 148

fractionated movement of arms and limbs

Back 148

a lesion of the lateral pathway can cause a deficit in

Front 149

rubrospinal

Back 149

lesions in the _______ tract tend to have all or nothing recovery, any lesions after recovery reverses recovery

Front 150

Paralysis, fingers

Back 150

_______ on contrlateral side after stroke in the motor cortex or corticospinal tract, fine fractionated movements of the ________ least likely to recover

Front 151

ventromedial pathways

Back 151

these pathways terminate on spinal interneurons controlling proximal and axial muscles

-use sensory info (body position, visual, balance) to maintain balance and posture

Front 152

vestibulospinal tracts

Back 152

-pathways that are responsible for head movement and balance, from vestibular nuclei of the medulla

-one bilaterally to cervical circuits that controls head/back

-one ispilaterally to lumbar spinal cord (balance/posture)

Front 153

tectospinal tract

Back 153

-pathway that produces and orienting response

-keeps us upright and focusing on what is happening

-in midbrain region

-from superior colliculus (gets input from vision, somatosensory, auditory)

Front 154

pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts

Back 154

-these pathways come from reticular formation in the brainstem

-controlled by the cortex

-help to focus on TASK (studying, remembering something etc)

Front 155

pontine reticulospinal tract

Back 155

the reticulospinal tract that enhances the antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord

Front 156

medullary reticulospinal tracts

Back 156

the reticulospinal tract that inhibits antigravity muscles from reflex

Front 157

areas 4 and 6

Back 157

areas that comprise the motor cortex

Front 158

area 4

Back 158

area that is the primary motor cortex (M1) in the motor cortex

Front 159

area 6

Back 159

area that is the higher motor area in the motor cortex (SMA and PMA)

Front 160

Premotor area (PMA)

Back 160

-lateral region of higher motor area (area 6)

-connects to reticulospinal neurons that innervate proximal motor units

Front 161

supplemental motor area (SMA)

Back 161

the medial region of the higher motor area (area 6)

- axons go to distal motor units directly

Front 162

motor maps

Back 162

these in the PMA and SMA show similar functions between the two regions but different groups of muscles innervated

Front 163

motor actions

Back 163

before __________ must have info from somatosensory, visual, proprioceptive inputs

Front 164

posterior parietal and PFC

Back 164

these regions represent the highest levels of motor control (highest in hierarchy)

-decisions are made about actions and their outcome

-send axons to AREA 6

Front 165

area 5

Back 165

this area gets input from areas 1,2, and 3

(highest level motor control)

Front 166

area 7

Back 166

this area gets input from high-order visual cortical areas such as MT

(highest level of motor control)

Front 167

anterior frontal lobes

Back 167

responsible for abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action

Front 168

area 6

Back 168

-receives input from PFC and parietal

-actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed

- area ____ and area 4 contribute most of the axons to the corticospinal tract

Front 169

ready signal, set, go

Back 169

three steps in planning a movement (according to evart)

Front 170

ready signal

Back 170

step in planning a movement that comes from the parietal and frontal lobes (also attention and alertness info)

Front 171

"set" step

Back 171

step in planning a movement that some from SMA and PMA areas (strategies devised to make a movement)

Front 172

"go" step

Back 172

step in planning a movement that comes from area 6

Front 173

basal ganglia

Back 173

structure used in selection and initiation of willed movements (at the execution area, come up with a plan)

-involved in a number of parallel circuits, few are strictly motor, some memory and cognition

-important in final processing

Front 174

caudate nuc, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra

Back 174

structures in the basal ganglia

Front 175

striatum

Back 175

receives input from cortex

Front 176

globus pallidus

Back 176

part of basal ganglia that has output to the thalamus

-goes to VL then to the SMA

Front 177

6, VL

Back 177

there is a major subcortical input to area _____ from the _____ nucleus of the thalamus

Front 178

VL

Back 178

basal ganglia has input to ______ nucleus of thalamus

Front 179

putamen

Back 179

-cortical stimulation of the _________ excited the SMA to give the "go" signal

-receives stimulation from the cortex

-neurons here inhibit the inhibitory neurons in the globus pallidus

Front 180

hypokinesia

Back 180

caused by increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia

Front 181

hyperkinesia

Back 181

caused by decreased output of the basal ganglia

(firing up the VL which is sending signal to SMA)

Front 182

parkinsons

Back 182

-hypokinesia

-disease related to basal ganglia

-trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of the VL thalamus by basal ganglia

Front 183

symptoms of parkinsons

Back 183

bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity or tremors of hand and jaw

Front 184

bradykinesia

Back 184

slow movements

pathology

Front 185

akineai

Back 185

difficulty starting movements

Front 186

dopa treatment

Back 186

treatment for parkinsons that facilitates the production of dopamine to increase SMA activity

Front 187

substantia nigra

Back 187

organic basis of parkinsons comes from degeneration of dopaminergic __________ inputs to the striatum, so no release of VL from inhibition

Front 188

huntingons disease

Back 188

-disorder of basal ganglia

-causes hyperkinesia, dyskinesia, dementia, impaired cog ability, personality disorder

-chorea (spontaneous uncontrollable mvmts

--loss of inhibition causes loss of neurons in caudate putamen, globus pallidus, cortex

Front 189

hemiballismus

Back 189

type of hyperkinesia characterized by violet, flinging movement on one side of the body

Front 190

basal gangli

Back 190

general role ___________ is to focus activities from widespread regions of cortex

-serve as filter so inappropriate mvmts not expressed

Front 191

M1

Back 191

-aka area 4, aka motor strip

-heavily connected to SMA

-lowest threshold to elicit a mvmt by electrical stim (strong connections to motor neurons and spinal interneurons)

-stimulation contracts a small group of muscles

Front 192

betz cells

Back 192

pyramidal cell in cortical layer 5 (where most output leave primary motor cortex (M1))

Front 193

cortical areas (6,1,2,3) and thalamus

Back 193

source of input to betz cells

Front 194

spinal cord and brain stem

Back 194

where do betz cells project

Front 195

neuron pools

Back 195

M1 stimulate numerous motor ___________ from a group of different muscles

Front 196

broadly

Back 196

M1 neurons are ______ tuned

numerous motor neurons pools for a certain movement

Front 197

force and direction

Back 197

activity from several neurons in M1 encodes _________ of movement

Front 198

motor cortex

Back 198

all cells in the _______ active for every movement (but some more responsive to certain orientation

-direction of movement determined by a tally and averaging each cells response

Front 199

malleable

Back 199

the motor neuron map is ______ in that neurons can switch participation in a certain movement

Front 200

cerebellum

Back 200

controls the timing of muscle contractions

-info gets sent and firing patterns are fined tuned in some way then sent back to the cortex

Front 201

ataxia

Back 201

cerebellar lesions produce ________, uncoordinated and inacurate mvmts

Front 202

dysynergia

Back 202

disorder of cerebellum

-decomposition of synergistic multijoint mvmts

(cannot make fluid motion, each is robotic and slow)

Front 203

dysmetria

Back 203

cerebellar disorder that causes pt to reach over or under the target object

Front 204

cerebellum

Back 204

accounts for 1/2 the nuerons in the brain but is 10% of size

arises from pons

10 lobules

deep nuclei is white matter, neurons are here too and relay output to the brain stem

Front 205

folia and fissures

Back 205

increase the surface area of the cerebellum

Front 206

vermis

Back 206

divides the cerebellum into hemispheres

-send output to brain stem area that contribute to ventromedial pathways (axial musculature)

Front 207

hemispheres

Back 207

_______ of cerebellum contribute to lateral pathways, especially to the cortex

Front 208

pons, cerebellum

Back 208

info from cortex areas 4 and 6 are sent to _______ then relayed back to area 4

Front 209

V, cerebellum, thalamus

Back 209

-Layer _____ pyramidal cells in sensorimotor cortex project to pons

-pontine nuclei project to _______

-lateral cerebellum projects back to motor cortex via _______

_MASSIVE TRACT

Front 210

motor loop thru cerebellum

Back 210

critical for proper execution of planned voluntary multijoint mvmts

Front 211

cerebellum

Back 211

receives signal for mvmt intent, instricts the primary motor cortex regarding movement direction, timing, force

-motor learning happens to improve outcomes