Neuro-2/3Rd Week

Front 1

components of central nervous system

Back 1

brain
spinal cord
brainstem

Front 2

which are present in cns: nuclei or ganglia?

Back 2

nuclei

Front 3

type of cells that form peripheral n.s.

Back 3

neural crest cells

Front 4

components of p.n.s.

Back 4

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic n.s.

Front 5

cell bodies of pns

Back 5

ganglia

Front 6

autonomic n.s.: type of nerve cell outside cns

Back 6

motor nerve cell

Front 7

spinal/cranial nerves: type of nerve cell located outside cns

Back 7

sensory nerve cell

Front 8

lobes of the cerebral cortex

Back 8

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Front 9

another name for insular cortex

Back 9

emotional cortex

Front 10

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Back 10

central sulcus

Front 11

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Back 11

parieto-occipital sulcus...

Front 12

name of sulcus anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe

Back 12

precentral sulcus

Front 13

name of sulcus posterior to central sulcus in parietal lobe

Back 13

postcentral sulcus

Front 14

sulcus separating frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Back 14

lateral sulcus

Front 15

primary motor cortex in cerebral cortex

Back 15

precentral gyrus

Front 16

primary somatosensory cortex in cerebral cortex?

Back 16

postcentral gyrus

Front 17

function of precentral gyrus

Back 17

motor initiation

Front 18

function of premotor cortex

Back 18

preparation of movement

Front 19

function of frontal eyefields

Back 19

voluntary eye movement

Front 20

function supplemental motor cortex

Back 20

"I know what I want to do"

Front 21

function prefrontal cortex

Back 21

abstract thinking/decision making

Front 22

result of a lesion in prefront cortex.

Back 22

inappropriate social behavior

Front 23

function Broca's motor speech area?

Back 23

control expression of language [tongue/lip muscles]

Front 24

result of a lesion in Broca's motor speech area.

Back 24

aphasia; loss of language

Front 25

function of sensory association cortex (in parietal lobe)

Back 25

stereognosis (ID object w/out seeing it)

Front 26

function of supramarginal gyrus (in parietal lobe)

Back 26

corroboration of sensory, auditory and visual input

Front 27

result of lesion in supramarginal gyrus.

Back 27

apraxia; can't turn thought into action

Front 28

what is ideomotor apraxia

Back 28

classic; cannot button shirt/use tools but knows what they are for

Front 29

what is ideational apraxia

Back 29

cannot form plan for executing multi-step process

Front 30

what is facial apraxia

Back 30

cannot perform facial/oral movements on command

Front 31

main function of occipital lobe

Back 31

primary visual cortex; lesions = blindness

Front 32

function of visual association cortex?

Back 32

recognize ppl

Front 33

what is prosopagnosia

Back 33

inability to recognize an person/object by site

Front 34

function of angular gyrus (in occipital lobe)

Back 34

interpret expression of language via visual stimuli; lesion = alexia

Front 35

where is the primary auditory complex?

Back 35

temporal lobe

Front 36

what is the gustatory complex area?

Back 36

lower portion parietal lobe overhanging temporal lobe

Front 37

what is a dorsal root?

Back 37

sensory pathways associated w/ nerves w/ cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

Front 38

what is a ventral root?

Back 38

motor pathways w/ cell bodies in ventral part of gray horn

Front 39

which n.s. innervates smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Back 39

autonomic n.s.

Front 40

how many cervical, thoracis, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

Back 40

5-cer
12-thor
5-lum
5-sac
2-4-cocc

Front 41

name and area of end of spinal cord

Back 41

lumbar vertebra #2
conus medullaris

Front 42

white matter: my or unmyelinated?

Back 42

myelinated; outer shell of spinal cord

Front 43

gray matter: my or unmyelinated?

Back 43

unmyelinated; central core of spinal cord

Front 44

name of developmental groove splitting gray horn into two halves

Back 44

sulcus limitans

Front 45

posterior gray horn

Back 45

dorsal; sensory

Front 46

anterior gray horn

Back 46

ventral; motor

Front 47

dorsal root: enters or exits spinal cord?

Back 47

enters [sensory]

Front 48

ventral root: enters or exits spinal cord?

Back 48

exits [motor]

Front 49

what is primary rami?

Back 49

point where posterior [dorsal] and anterior [ventral] roots come together

Front 50

cranial nerves involved in parasympathetic activity

Back 50

3, 7, 9, 10

Front 51

T/F: the autonomic ns is a two neuron system

Back 51

T; pre and post-ganglionic cells

Front 52

t/f: the autonomic ns is a motor ns

Back 52

T

Front 53

T/F: preganglionic nerve cells have cell bodies in cns

Back 53

T

Front 54

T/F: post-ganglionic nerve cells have cell bodies in ganglia

Back 54

T

Front 55

neural tubular epithelium gives rise to which ns?

Back 55

cns

Front 56

basilar plate: associated w/ motor or sensory?

Back 56

motor

Front 57

alar plate: associated w/ motor or sensory?

Back 57

sensory

Front 58

T/F: dendrites and cell bodies are never myelinated.

Back 58

T

Front 59

what is a unipolar neuron?

Back 59

cell body at one end; dendrites at the other

Front 60

what is a pseudounipolar neuron?

Back 60

cell body in middle, off main "track"

Front 61

what is a bipolar neuron?

Back 61

cell body in middle, on "track"

Front 62

name the two types of macroglia

Back 62

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

Front 63

what is the largest.most numerous glial cell?

Back 63

astrocytes

Front 64

oligodendrocytes: more numerous in gray or white matter?

Back 64

white matter

Front 65

what is the stain used to see RER and ribosomes in neurons.

Back 65

Nissl substance (none in axon)

Front 66

characteristics of multipolar neural cells

Back 66

many dendrites, one axon (most abundant in body)

Front 67

characteristics of bipolar neural cells

Back 67

one dendrite, one axon

Front 68

name of surface protein of a dendrite

Back 68

spine

Front 69

type of sensory axons for fast pain

Back 69

III

Front 70

type of sensory axons for slow pain

Back 70

c or IV

Front 71

# of nerves in somatic sensory loop

Back 71

1

Front 72

type of receptor on target cell for somatic

Back 72

nicotinic

Front 73

type of receptor at 1st synapse of parasympathetic ns

Back 73

nicotinic

Front 74

type of receptor on target cell for parasympathetic activity

Back 74

muscarinic

Front 75

type of receptor at 1st synapse for all sympathetic activity

Back 75

nicotinic

Front 76

type of receptor at target for heart, smooth muscle aspect of sympathetic activity

Back 76

alpha1, beta1, beta2 (via NE)

Front 77

type of receptor at target for sweat glands and some blood vessels

Back 77

muscarinic (follows rule in parasympathetic)

Front 78

how many nerves involved in splanchnic nerve activity

Back 78

1

Front 79

type of receptor and target for splanchnic nerve

Back 79

nicotinic; adrenal medulla (releases NE and epi)

Front 80

a stimulus increases membrane permeability and generates...

Back 80

an action potential

Front 81

3 types of receptors that are nonencapsulated

Back 81

pain and temp (Free nerve endings)
merkel's disks
hair follicle receptors
(all of above are slow-adapting)

Front 82

type of receptor that is encapsulated

Back 82

meisner's corpuscles (palms, soles of feet)
Pacinian corpuscles (deep in dermis)
(all of above are fast-adapting)

Front 83

ascending tracts are (sensory/motor?)

Back 83

sensory

Front 84

descending tracts are (sensory/motor?)

Back 84

motor

Front 85

the primary pain tract?

Back 85

lateral spinothalamic tract

Front 86

primary ascending tract?

Back 86

lateral corticospinal tract

Front 87

types of receptors for ascending pathways

Back 87

ruffini's, merkel's, pacinian, meisner's

Front 88

1st order for ascending located in...

Back 88

dorsal root ganglia

Front 89

function of spinalcerebellar tract

Back 89

unconscious proprioreception

Front 90

function of spinoreticular tract

Back 90

awaken, input from limbic (aversive or pleasurable)

Front 91

function spinotectal tract

Back 91

turn eyes/head in direction of visual/auditory stimulus

Front 92

painful stimuli is carried by which two fiber types?

Back 92

c-type (IV)-generalized, long-term pain
a-delta (III)-sharp, short-lasting

Front 93

function of substance p

Back 93

raises threshold for pain

Front 94

which cells release substance p

Back 94

1st order cells in a pathway of pain

Front 95

tract taken by 2nd order neurons in a pathway of pain

Back 95

lateral spinothalamic tract

Front 96

which part of thalamus does the lateral spinothalamic tract ascend to?

Back 96

ventroposteriolateral nucleus of thalamus

Front 97

what is hyperalgesia

Back 97

increase in sensory awareness in tissues that have been damaged

Front 98

primary hyperalgesia

Back 98

inc. sensory awareness in damaged tissue

Front 99

secondary hyperalgesia

Back 99

inc. sensory awareness in tissue adjacent to injury site

Front 100

function of bradykinin

Back 100

vasodilator

Front 101

function of histamine

Back 101

vasodilator, increased sensitization

Front 102

function of PAG neurons

Back 102

regulation of pain by stimulating release of serotonin

Front 103

function of endogenous opiods

Back 103

improved mood in relation to pain; suppress glutamate release

Front 104

what are the types of opioid receptors?

Back 104

mu-brain and spinal chord
delta-olfaction, motor
kappa-reg. water and food